Chapter 2: The Muslim World Expands

1. Chapter 2: The Muslim World Expands

2. The Ottoman Empire Expands • By 1300 the Byzantine Empire was in decline and the Mongols had destroyed the Seljuk kingdom of Rum. • Anatolia was occupied mostly by descendants of nomadic Turks. • They were militaristic and had a history of invading other countries • They weren’t united by any central power

3. Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as Ghazis • A ghazi is a warrior for Islam • They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct. • Raided the territories of people who lived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire

4. Osman was the most successful ghazi • Westerners called him Othman and called his followers Ottomans • He built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 • He was successful largely because of his use of gunpowder and musket carrying foot soldiers instead of archers on horseback • Also used cannon as a means of attack • Cannons could destroy even heavily walled cities

5. The second Ottoman was Orkhan I,Osman’s son. He gave himself the title Sultan or “one with power” He captured Adrianople in 1361 This was the 2nd most important city in the Byzantine Empire Muslims in these areas were required to serve in the Turkish armies and make the contributions required by their faith Non Muslims were exempted from military service and had to pay a small tax called the Jizyah

6. Timur the Lame Also known as Tamerlane Halted Ottoman expansion by crushing the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 He was from Samarkand. He burned Baghdad to the ground. He was known for making pyramids of human skulls outside the areas he conquered so people would know his strength

7. As soon as Timur the lame turned his attention to China, the sons of the Ottoman sultan went to war with each other Mehmed I He won and took the throne Murad II His son Murad II defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary and defeated the Italian Crusaders in the Balkans

8. Mehmed II Also known as Mehmed the Conqueror took power in 1451 Mehmed attacked Constantinople in 1453 with cannons but they were kept to one side of the attack by a chain across the Golden Horn from the Bosporus to the Sea of Marmara

9. Mehmed dragged his ships over a hill to the harbor and now could attack Constantinople from two sides The siege continued for 7 weeks until the Turks found and opening in the walls and invaded the city He opened the city to new citizens from all over including Jews, Christians, and Muslims • Rebuilt and renamed the city Istanbul

10. Ottomans take Islam’s Holy Cities

11. Selim the Grim Came to power in 1512 He defeated the Safavids of Persia in the Battle of Chaldiran then took Syria, Palestine, and areas in N. Africa He took the holy cities of Mecca Medina And the intellectual capitol of Cairo

12. Suleiman the Lawgiver (AKA Suleiman the Magnificent) Suleiman was an awesome military leader He came to power in 1521 and in 1522 his forces captured the Island of Rhodes and they now controlled the Mediterranean

13. He then captured Tripoli on the coast of N. Africa This gave the Ottomans control of the trade routes to the interior of Africa In 1526 Suleiman took his troops into Hungary and Austria and moved into Vienna

14. Suleiman created a law code to handle both civil and criminal actions He simplified and limited taxes He reduced government bureaucracy This got him the title Lawgiver

15. He had 20,000 personal slaves that staffed the palace They were part of the Devshirme system The Sultan’s army took boys from the people in the conquered Christian territories • They were then educated, converted to Islam, and trained as soldiers

16. Janissaries The Sultan also had an elite force of soldiers known as Janissaries that were trained to be loyal to the sultan only

17. Suleiman was required to follow Islamic law He granted freedom of Worship to Christians and Jews and treated those groups as millets or nations Each millet was allowed to follow its own religious laws and practices as long as they didn’t try to convert Muslims away from Islam The head of the millet reported to the sultan and his staff to keep conflict to a minimum

18. Suleiman studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, math, and architecture He employed a slave named Sinan to build the Mosque of Suleiman Sinan Mosque of Suleiman

19. The Empire declines slowly Suleiman killed his ablest, favorite son. Another son committed suicide and a third was driven into exile. This left Selim II or Selim the Sot to take over when Suleiman died. Selim wasn’t very good at leading Unfortunately this set a tradition for gaining power The eldest son would have his brothers strangled and would keep his sons locked away from the world in the harems. This leads to weak, uneducated sultans that will destroy the empire.

20. Cultural Blending • Patterns of Cultural Blending • Each time a culture interacts with another it is exposed to new ideas, technologies, food and ways of life Causes of cultural blending Migration Religious Freedom or Conversion Trade Conquest

21. The blending that contributed to the culture of the Ottomans depended on some of these activities The Turks made war to gain territory The Ottomans were located on major trade routes Suleiman’s interest in culture and learning encouraged him to bring foreign artists and intellectuals to the Ottoman Empire

22. Results of Cultural Blending Cultural blending may lead to changes in language, religion, government, technology, and military tactics Language: Sometimes written characters of one language show up in another, sometimes words do Religion and ethical systems – Buddhism exist in both Tibet and Japan but they are different Styles of Government – The idea of democracy spread to many areas of the world and though the practices may be different, the principles are similar Racial or Ethnic blending Arts and Architecture

23. The Safavids Build an Empire Isma’il conquers Persia 1499 Isma’il (he was 12) began to seize most of what is now Iran • He completed this task in 1501 • He took the title of Shah, or King to celebrate his achievement

24. He established Shi’a Islam as the state religion and became a religious tyrant He killed any citizen that didn’t convert to Shi’ism He destroyed the Sunni population in Baghdad In response Selim the Grim later ordered the execution of all Shi’a in the Ottoman Empire As many as were killed 40,000

25. The final confrontation took place at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 The Ottomans defeated the Safavids using artillery This set the border between the two nations and it still remains the border between Iraq and Iran today

26. Isma’il’s son Tahmasp adopted the use of artillery in his military forces • He expanded the Safavid empire up the Caucasus Mountains northeast of Turkey, and brought Christians under his control

27. The Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas (Abbas the Great) took power in 1587 and made several reforms to both military and civilian life As a result, trade and art exchange with Europe grew

28. Abbas built a new capitol at Esfahan The city was 4 ½ miles across and considered one of the most beautiful in the world Abbas also brought hundreds of Chinese artisans to work in Esfahan Carpet weavers from Armenia also blended into Esfahan and carpet weaving became a national industry As time went on the rugs began to take on more European themes after Abbas sent some weavers to Italy to study under Raphael

29. The Dynasty Declines Swiftly Like Suleiman, Abbas either killed or blinded his most able sons which left his incompetent grandson Safi in charge In 1736 Nadir Shah Afshar temporarily expanded the Safavid Empire all the way to India, but after his death it fell apart

30. The Mughal Empire in India background The Gupta empire fell in the 400s and India was invaded by Huns, Turks, and Afghans The leader was related to Tamerlane and Genghis Khan Called themselves Mughal which means Mongol For almost 300 years there was fighting between the Muslims and the Hindus in this region but the Muslims couldn’t advance farther than the Indus River Around the year 1000 the Turkish Army devastated the Hindu Army and India • Led by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni

31. Babur founds an Empire In 1494 an 11 year old boy named Babur inherited Uzbekistan and Tajikistan His land was taken away and he was driven out of the area by his elders so he built up an army and came back In 1526 he led 12,000 troops to victory against 100,000 men led by the Sultan of Delhi In 1527 he defeated a large Rajput army as well

32. His son Humayun was not as able and lost most of the empire that Babur had gained Humayun inherited a new empire with lots of warring groups and three brothers who wanted to do him in His son, Akbar, took over when he was 13

33. Akbar’s Golden Age Akbar was a military conqueror who realized the only way to be powerful is through a strong military He felt that a king should be aggressive so that no one would try to take over his kingdom He used heavy artillery (Cannons) which allowed him to destroy cities and extend his reign over the Deccan Plateau • He appointed some of his captured peoples as advisors and keeping them from becoming enemies of the state

34. Akbar was a liberal ruler who practiced religious freedom He allowed the Hindus to practice their religion, allowed his Hindu wives to continue to be Hindu instead of forcing them to convert, and hired a Jesuit tutor for his son He did away with the Jizyah and the tax on Hindu pilgrims • As far as land went it was a bit different • He granted land to bureaucrats, but when they died he took it back and redistributed it • Kept a feudal society from forming • BUT also discouraged hard work and expansion because people couldn’t hand down their land to their sons

35. A flowering culture Because of their contact with many different people and the fact that Akbar was fairly tolerant, culture flourished in India Language: Akbar and his court spoke Persian, the Hindus spoke Hindi, and the soldiers created their own language as a blend of different ethnic groups, this language is called Urdu

36. Arts and Literature: Arts flourished especially as illustrations in books These were called miniatures Humayun brought Renaissance painters to India to teach the Mughals The most famous miniatures are in the book Akbarnama

37. Indian literature also flourished Retellings of old folk tales and religious stories predominated • The poet Tulsi Das retold the love story of the gods Rama and Sita based on the 4th century poem Ramayana • His retelling, the Ramcaritmanas, is even more popular than the first. Akbar also devoted himself to architecture and the style became known as the Akbar Period

38. Akbar’s Successors Nur Jahan Jahangir Akbar died in 1605 • Akbar’s son called himself Jahangir or Grasper of the World but mostly he left the rule of the country to his wife Nur Jahan • She made her father prime minister and figured she could use Jahangir’s son Khusrau as her ticket to power

39. Khusrau rebelled so Nur Jahan had him removed and shifted her favor to another son The problem was that Jahangir was relatively tolerant but Khusrau wasn’t He left and turned to the Sikhs for help The Sikhs were a nonviolent religious group similar to Sufism and Hinduism Their leader, Guru Arjun Sheltered Khusrau and defended him He was tortured to death for this an his people became the target of Mughal hatred

40. Shah Jahan Mumtaz Mahal Assassinated all of his rivals Only cared about two things: beautiful buildings and his wife Mumtaz Mahal • She died in 1631 at the age of 39 giving birth to her 14th child • To memorialize her, he built the Taj Mahal • The people of India were taxed to pay for it. • When he got sick, his sons fought for the empire • Aurangzeb won and killed his older brother and imprisoned his father

41. Aurangzeb Ruled from 1658 to 1707 Expanded Mughal holdings to their greatest size Empire lost the most power now too • Strictly enforced Islamic law and appointed censors to make sure the people were following the law • He brought back the jizyah (tax) and fired Hindus from government jobs • He banned construction of new temples and had monuments destroyed • Aurangzeb levied heavy taxes on Hindu merchants

42. The Rajputs, who had been allies, now rebelled • They were defeated repeatedly but not completely • Marathas (Hindu Warriors) founded their own state in south west India • 3. The Sikhs turned themselves into a brotherhood of warriors and built up a state in the Punjab region of Northwest India

43. The Empire’s Decline and Decay • By the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, the empire was drained of people and money • 2,000,000 people had died due to famine and people felt little or no loyalty to him • The power of the state was weakened further when Aurangzeb died and his son’s fought a civil war over the throne • The Mughal Emperor became a figurehead that ruled over a group of small independent states instead of a united empire