10 th American History

1. 10th American History Unit II- Becoming a World Power Political, Foreign, Economics and Cultural Highlights.

2. William McKinley (Republican) • 1897-1901 25nd President • Election of 1896 • Free Silver- Major issue • Democratic-Populist Candidate- William Jennings Bryant v. McKinley (Republican) • William Jennings Bryant • Single issue- Free Silver • Excellent orator- “Cross of Gold Speech” • Appealed to Westerns but not labor or city people • Would run for President twice more- never wins. • McKinley • Very few Speeches- in favor of “Sound Money” • Carried the Urban-Industrial states • Would be assassinated.

3. Leon Czolgosz - Assassin • Leon Czolgosz, (pronounced SHOLGUS),the son of Polish-Russian immigrants, was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1873 • In 1901, Czolgosz moved to Buffalo, New York, site of the Pan American Exposition. There, in a receiving line on September 6, he shot President McKinley two times. Although surrounded by fifty bodyguards, Czolgosz was able to walk up to McKinley and fire two shots at him. Hit in the chest and abdomen, McKinley shouted out "Be easy with him, boys" as secret service agents beat Czolgosz with fists and pistol butts. • Czolgosz--who gave his name to police as Fred Nieman, or Fred Nobody--later stated in reference to his decision to assassinate McKinley, "I didn't believe one man should have so much service, and another man have none." After a brief trial, Czolgosz was convicted. He was executed on October 29, 1901. Before being executed on 20th October, 1901, Czolgosz remarked that: "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people - the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime."

4. Theodore Roosevelt • 1901-1909- 26th President (Republican) • McKinley’s Death • Rough Riders and San Juan Hill • Square Deal • Food and Drug Act 1906 • Newlands Reclamation Act 1902

5. Theodore Roosevelt

6. William Howard Taft • 1909-1913- 27th President (Republican) • Election of 1912 • Taft- 45 indictments against trusts; civil service jobs; million acres to national reserves; protected mineral rights; postal saving banks, 2 new states, 16th amendment (income tax); Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of Labor. • Roosevelt- Good and bad trusts, Issues, Progressives (Bull Moose) and New Nationalism • Wilson- Issues and New Freedom • Debs- Socialist • Outcome of Election

7. Woodrow Wilson • 1913-1921- 28th President (Democrat) • Leadership • Federal Reserve Act 1913 • Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 • Federal Trade Commission Act 1914 • World War I

8. President Warren G. Harding • 29th President 1921-1923 - Republican • Post WW I Fears and Headaches- bombs, Bolsheviks (Red Scare), riots and labor strikes. • Foreign Affairs • No League of Nations • Washington Conference- Five Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, and Four Power Treaty- Disarmament • Domestic Affairs- Return to Normalcy • Harding Scandals - The “Ohio Gang” • Charles Forbes- Head of Veterans Bureau • Jesse Smith- Aide in Justice Department • Thomas Miller- Alien Property Custodian • Albert Fall- Sec. of the Interior and “Teapot Dome” • Death of Harding- sudden death while still president Return to “Normalcy”

9. President Calvin Coolidge • 30th President - 1923-1929 Republican • Government and Business- Freedom of business from governmental rules and regulations. “Laissez-faire”. Large businesses were allowed to be created. Country prospered and the Supreme Court favored business over labor. • “The man who builds a factory, builds a temple and the man who works there, worships there.” • Farm Problem- “Farmers have never made money,” he said,”I don’t believe we can do much about it.” “Silent Cal” “The business of America is business”

10. Imperialism • Economic reasons- international trade and need for raw materials from Asia, Africa and Latin America • Military reasons- to defend their shores and protect their trade interests • Ideology • 1- Nationalism- enhancing a nation’s power and prestige. • 2- Cultural superiority- Social Darwinists believed in this. Social responsibility to “civilize” less developed countries.

11. Imperialism • Manifest Destiny- expand westward to the Pacific, and beyond the shoreline • Hawaii- trade, sugar, bayonet constitution and annexation • China-trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave U.S. most favored nation status, Sphere’s of Influence, Open-Door Policy and Boxer Rebellion • Japan-trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, and the Treaty of Kanagawa.

12. Spanish American War • Cuban Unrest • Yellow Journalism • Reasons- • Maine Explosion- “Remember the Maine” • De Lome Letter • U.S. Sugar interests • U.S. sympathy to the rebel cause and the evil Spanish • Jingoes (Hawks) and the pressure on President McKinley • Outcome • Teller Amendment on Cuban Independence and Rough Riders and San Juan Hill • U.S. receives Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in exchange it gives Spain $20 million. • U.S. now has over seas territories, bases for trade and navy. • Annexation of Philippines and three years of revolution. (Independence in 1946) • Anti-Imperialist League 1898- imperialism is a violation of the foundation of American self government. • Platt Amendment- Cuba (Guantanamo, Protectorate); Foraker Act 1900- Puerto Rico.

13. T.R. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson • Roosevelt and Latin America • Walk softly and carry a big stick • Great White fleet • Helping Panama to get independence • Building the Panama Canal • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Promoting American interests in other countries • Using economic power to achieve American policy goals. • Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy • Rejection of dollar diplomacy • Use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation’s interest abroad. • Wilson and the Mexican Revolution • President Wilson would not recognize the de facto government of Gen. Huerta • Wilson used armed force against Mexico in Veracruz and against Poncho Villa • Rise of tariffs

14. U.S. and the Panama Canal • U.S. interest in the Canal • Offering Columbia $10 million and $250,000 annually. Rejected • Panama’s revolution against Columbia • Building the Canal

15. World War I • “M.A.I.N.E.”- European causes for the war. • U.S. neutrality • Reasons for the U.S. entrance into the war. • America in World War I • America in Post World War I • Wilson’s fourteen points • Treaty of Versailles • League of Nations • Impact of World War I

16. 1st Red Scare • Communist revolution in Russia- 1917 and the rise of the Bolsheviks • Fear of the “Reds”- communists who promoted the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. • U.S. Communist parties formed • Bombings- through the mail. • Palmer raids – deportation and incarceration.

17. Lingering Effects of World War I • War Debts owed to the U.S. • $10 Billion owed by Allies to U.S. • Fordney-McCumber Tariff made repayment hard. • Reparation payments by Germany • Washington Naval Conference- 4 Power, 5 Power and 9 Power treaties. • Agreement to cut back on size of navies • Avoid competition for China • Ending the Arms Race and establishing Peace? • Kellogg-Briand Pact- high ideals- Peace signed by 60 nations. But no system of enforcement, just a promise.

18. Progressivism • Square Deal and Theodore Roosevelt • Regulating Big Business- Sherman Anti-Trust and Trust Busting • 16th Amendment - 1913 • Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff- supposed to lower tariffs actually raised them • Wilson’s New Freedom • Tariff reform • Banking reform- Federal Reserve System • Anti-Trust Laws- Clayton Anti-Trust Act

19. What is the Federal Reserve? It manages the countries money system;regulates the banking system; is a bankers bank; and is the government’s bank.

20. Imperialism • Why? Economic, Military and Ideology • Manifest Destiny • Hawaii- trade, sugar, bayonet constitution and annexation • China- trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave U.S. most favored nation status, Sphere’s of Influence, Open-Door Policy and Boxer Rebellion • Japan- trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, and the Treaty of Kanagawa. • Spanish American War- Cuba, Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. • Panama Canal • Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

21. World War I • Financial ties to the Allies • Unrestricted submarine warfare • Homefront • Mobilizing the economy- industry, food, fuel and supplies • Mobilizing workers- National War Labor Board, Women, • Paying for the War- Taxes and Liberty Bonds (war bonds) • Economic Impact on US and the World

22. Post World War I • Labor Strife- difficulties, labor losses and major strikes. • New Economic Era • Henry Ford, the Assembly line and worker pay. • The effect on industry: competition, productivity, and welfare capitalism. • The New Consume: new products, advertising and demand, installment paying and credit. • Weaknesses: many Americans were suffering after WWI- farmers, overproduction, low prices, farm failures, insects, floods, hurricane, etc, brought economic depression to many parts of the nation.

23. Harding and Coolidge • Harding • Cut federal budget and reduced taxes on wealthy (trickle down). • Fordney-McCumber Tariff- high tariff, foreign products went up, American prices went up- hurt farmers and Europeans. • Teapot Dome Scandal- Bribes from Oil companies to drill for oil in federal oil reserve. • Coolidge • “Business of America is business” • Business would help America grow, promote the arts and sciences and fund the charities. • Limited role of government in business. • Lowered taxes and reduced the budget. • Weakened federal regulations on business. • War Debt- Europe owed the U.S. over $10 billion, but too war torn and tariffs to high, force Germany to pay more reparations. U.S. become world’s banker.

24. 1920’s • The role of women- work outside the home during WWI. Economic boom of the 20’s provided jobs for women. • Urbanization • Hard times in agriculture saw people move to cities to get work. • Rise of the automobile • Increase in eduation • Industrial growth means rise in earnings • Gross Domestic Product- between 1922-1928 grew 30% • Growth of the automobile industry • Corporate profits up, unemployment down, welfare capitalism, and the ability to purchase new products and services • Stock Market expansion- • False Sense of Security

25. 1920’s • Weaknesses • Wealth Distribution • Credit on the Stock Market- buying on margin • Federal Reserve System • Stock Market Crash • Black Thursday, Black Monday, Black Tuesday • GDP dropped almost in 1/2 • Effects of the crash- Individuals, Banks (over 5,000 closed), Business and World Economy.

26. Immigration History 1800-1910 • New Immigrants • Old Immigrants- 1800-1880- Northern and Western Europe • New Immigrants- 1880-1910- Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Japanese and Chinese. • Why did they come?- Economic, Political and Religious. • Ellis Island and Angel Island. • Prejudice against immigrants

27. Urban American Life • Different Classes- Wealthy, middle class and working class. • Tenements and Settlement Houses

28. Political Scandal and Reform • City Government- Scandal and Reform • Political Machines and Machine Bosses • Tammany Hall in New York- Boss Tweed • Credit Mobilier Scandal and President Grant • President Arthur and Civil Service Reform

29. Farmer’s Reform Movement • Late 1800’s crop prices falling, farm debt rising, costs rising; a need for farmers to organize. • Order of the Patron’s of Husbandry- National Grange • 1887- Interstate Commerce Act. • Populist Party- coalition of farmers, labor leaders and reformers. • Silver v. Gold issue

30. Segregation and Discrimination • Jim Crow Laws and Lynching • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) = separate but equal. • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Du Bois and the N.A.A.C.P. • Other groups who face discrimination- • 1) Hispanic Americans • 2) Asian Americans • 3) Native Americans

31. Progressivism • Reforming Society • Progressives- reform movement • Muckrakers • Housing reforms • Civil rights • Workplace • National Child Labor • Limiting women’s workday • Minimum Wage laws. • Courts and Labor Laws- • 1905 - “Lochner v. New York”- supreme court did not allow 10 hour workday for bakers • 1908 - “Muller v. Oregon”- Supreme Court upheld law guaranting 10 hour workday for women. • “Bunting v. Oregon”- 10 hour workday for men in mills and factories. • The Triangle Shirtwaist fire • Unions- Industrial Workers of the World- unskilled • Reforming Government • City government- Commision system, Council-Manager system. • State Government- Electoral reforms, commissions on railroads, utilities, transportation, civil service and taxation • 17th Amendment- direct election of Senators. • Initiative, Referendom and \Recall.

32. Opportunities for Women • Education • Employment • Children’s Health and Welfare • Prohibition • WCTU- Women’s Christian Temperance Union. • Carrie Nation • 18th Amendment • 18th Amendment- Prohibition • Civil Rights- campaigning against poverty, segregation, lynchings and Jim Crowe Laws • Women’s Suffrage and Anti-Suffrage arguments

33. Reform- Late 1800’s and early 1900’s • Children’s health and welfare • Prohibition • Civil Rights and black women • Women’s Suffrage • Trust Busting and regulating big business • Consumer Protection • Environmental conservation • 19th Amendment- 1920 • Civil Rights under Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson- Brownsville Incident.

34. Imperialism • Cultural superiority over the under-developed (backward) nations. • Social Darwinism- brother’s keeper, social responsibility to “civilize” the less developed. • Desire to bring Christianity, western style culture and democracy to other (backward) peoples.

35. T.R. Roosevelt’s Square Deal • Coal Strike of 1902 and TR threatens to send in the troops • Each person to get a square deal no more, no less. • Limiting power of trusts, promote public health and safety and improve working conditions. • Trust Busting and Regulating the Railroads. • Protecting Consumers- Muckrakers, Meat Inspection Act, and Pure Food and Drug Act. • Environmental Conservation

36. Presidents’ Taft and Wilson • William H. Taft • Created Dept. of Labor • 16th Amendment- Income Tax • Wilson- New Freedom • Tariff, Banking, and Anti-Trust Reform • Women Gain the right to vote- 19th Amendment

37. Imperialism • Hawaii • Sugar interests- Sanford B. Dole • Bayonet constitution • King Kalakaua and Queen Liliuokalani • Annexation • Spanish-American War • Yellow Journalism • Jingoism • Philippines, annexation and rebellion • Roosevelt and Rough Riders • Anti-Imperialists • Spanish-American War

38. Homefront in World War I • Mobilizing the Economy • Regulating Industry • Regulating Food • Regulating Fuel • Supplying the troops • Mobilizing Workers • National War Labor Board • Women’s war efforts • African American movement and employment • Influenza Epidemic (Pandemic) • Winning American support • Committee on Public Information • Propaganda • Anti-German Feeling and American Patriotism • Limiting Antiwar Speech • Schenck v. United States (1919)- Supreme court limits freedom of speech.

39. Post War Havoc • 1918-1919 Pandemic- world wide influenza epidemic- killed 10 times more Americans than did WWI. • 1st Red Scare- rise of Bolsheviks, communism, fear, bombs, Palmer raids and deportation. • Labor Problems- Workers unhappy after WWI, Unions lost members and political power, and there were major strikes.

40. Limiting Immigration • Competition for jobs after WWI, and the Red scare caused anti-immigration feelings. • Nativists- mostly Protestant Christians and Labor leaders targeted new immigrants and asked for immigration restrictions. • Immigration control- National Origins Act, Nativism, KKK revival (native white supremacy) • Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian immigrants, anarchists, tried for murder or political ideas?

41. New Economic Era- 1920’s • Henry Ford- revolutionizes industry • Assembly line • Effect on Industry • competition helped the automobile industry grow. • Other industries learned- assembly line, productivity went up. • Welfare Capitalism- companies provide benefits to employees to promote worker satisfaction and loyalty. • Effect on Society • Demand is up for all types of products. • Boom in midwestern cities • Cities grew and so did suburbs- transportation • Tourist industry grew.

42. New Economic Era- 1920’s • New Consumer- • New Products for the home • Electricity • Radio connected the world • Public transportation, and passenger airlines. • Advertising created a deman • New ways of paying- credit and installment buying. • Weakness of Economy • Many American suffered during the 20’s • Farmers- demand was low, competition from Europe high, farm failures, debt, tariff, and nature- weather and insects. • The Nation desires to return to Normalcy

43. American Life Changes- 1920’s • New Roles for Women • Opportunities • New Family Roles • The Flapper • Effects of Urbanization • Conflicts over Values • Fundamentalism • Scopes Trial- Teaching of Evolution and Creation Science- Bryan and Darrow • Prohibition- 18th Amendment • Organized crime- like Al Capone • Bootleggers • Speakeasies • Harlem Renaissance • African Americans during and after WWI • W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey • Renaissance of art in Harlem- writer, poets, artists, musicians and performers.

44. A New Popular Culture is born- 1920’s • Mass Entertainment • Radio • Movies • Era of Heroes • Film Stars- Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks. • Charles A. Lindbergh- transatlantic flight. • Amelia Earhart- 1st women across the Atlantic, was lost trying to fly around the world. • Sports Heroes- Ruth, Grange, Wills, Jones, etc. • Arts of the 1920’s- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Hemmingway, George Gershwin (music)