The Learning Perspective

1. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Traditional Behaviorists Social – Cognitive Learning Theory Transitional / Contemporary Learning Theorists The Learning Perspective

2. Theorist John B. Watson Kohn's homepage Julian B. Rotter Bandura Tolman Self-efficacy information B.F. Skinner

4. Operant Conditioning Thorndike Skinner Reinforcement Punishment “After the Fact” Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers Positive Reinforcers Negative Reinforcers Escape – avoidance Premack Principle Schedules: Continuous or Partial Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Shaping Punishment + or – Generalization Discrimination Extinction Spontaneous recovery

5. Social / Cognitive Learning http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_learning • Tolman: Latent Learning “Cognitive Theory of Learning” • Bandura: Learning from Models Social / Cognitive Learning http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~lynda_abbott/Social.html

6. Differ from Behaviorism in their emphasis on the interaction between thoughts, beliefs, and expectations. Similar in that they stress the influence of the immediate environment on a person’s actions. Transition from Behaviorism

7. Latent Learning Learning that is not immediately expressed. Kohler’s Chimps/Insight http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/kohler.htm Observational Learning Learning by watching what others do and what happens to them for doing it. Beyond Behaviorism / The Role of Cognitions

8. Modern Social – cognitive Learning Theories Emphasize: • Latent learning • Observational learning • Perceptions and interpretations of events • Motivation beliefs, such as enduring expectations of success or failure and confidence or doubt in one’s ability to master new skills and achieve goals.

9. Locus of Control • Locus of Control Web Survey Self – fulfilling prophecy *You expect to succeed, so your work hard and succeed. Or your expect to fail, so you don’t do much work, and as a result you do poorly. People who have an internal locus of control tend to believe that they are responsible for what happens to them, they control their destiny. Julian Rotter

10. Self - Efficacy • Self-efficacy information http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.

11. Debates among the Perspectives • Freewill vs. Determinism • Reductionism vs. Non-reductionism • Nature vs. Nurture • Objectivity vs. Subjectivity

12. Behaviorist / Learning • Determinist: Behavior is determined by the environment according to Skinner. • Reductionist: Behavior can be reduced to S – R or B – R – B. • Nurturist: Behavior is learnt. • Objectivist: The only data worth having is objective stance. (observable behavior)