NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD MARKET

1. NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD MARKET Chapter 14

2. An Age Of Exploration And Expansion Who controls the 14th Century Spice Trade? How do European powers interface with Far Eastern trading partners? What long-term political trends affect these interfaces? How does the Mongol Empire affect this?

3. Marco Polo Marco Polo Where does Marco Polo go, and why is he a great influence on the trading ventures of the time? Why does a water route sound like a good solution?

4. Factors Leading to Exploration Economic Motive. What costs could exploration avoid? What benefits could exploration achieve? What makes it possible to finance exploration? Other factors Religious motives? How do these go together with political motives? These are secondary but not insignificant motives. Whose financing might this secure?

5. Factors Leading to Exploration Rise of strong state governments How does this provide the powerful a motive to leave Europe to seek wealth? How does it provide the opportunity? How does it provide the financial means? What will happen to countries who don�t do this?

6. Factors Leading to Exploration What knowledge and technology had Europe developed to make expeditions possible. More accurate sea charts Better understanding of ocean currents and trade winds Better ships that allowed one to sail closer to the wind Ships that were sturdier to stand up to wind, carry more cargo and carry cannons New and better navigational tools�Compass and Astrolabe so that could accurately chart a course.

7. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Early 1400s Portugal emerged as the first European maritime and exploring power. Reason Portugal looked to the sea? Prince Henry the Navigator. What problems face deep-sea navigators? What did Portugal seek?

8. Portuguese Exploration 1441: Portuguese ships get as far south as Cape Verde and bring home a cargo of black Africans, which are sold in Europe as slaves. This competes directly with what other slave-trading route at the time? Gold Coast, 1471: Portuguese discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of West Africa Begin trade in gold, ivory and slaves in the Congo region.

9. Portuguese Exploration 1487: Portuguese hear reports of a way around the tip of Africa to India. Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope but turns back before reaching India because of fear of mutiny.

10. Vasco da Gama 1498 Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape and lands in Calicut on the coast of India. Mistakenly believed that Calicut was the source of spices. He returns with a cargo full of cinnamon and ginger from the Spice Islands Result of success?

11. Portuguese Control of Spice Trade During the next several years Portuguese take away control over the Spice Trade from Muslims Reason for Portuguese success?

13. Voyages to the New World The Spanish were behind the Portuguese in exploration. What did they lack? Solution? Christopher Columbus was chief proponent of the idea that could reach Asia by sailing west. Most learned people recognized that the world was round. Columbus underestimated the circumference of the earth. Thus, vastly underestimated the time it would take to sail west to Asia.

14. Columbus� Voyages Columbus convinces Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage sails west on three ships outfitted by the Spanish monarchy. Major result� For Columbus? Spain? Europe?

15. Voyages of Exploration John Cabot�Venetian who sailed for Henry VII of England along New England Established England�s claim to the area Pedro Cabral�Accidentally discovered South America for Portuguese Amerigo Vespucci: extensive exploration of the coast of South America. America is named for him.

16. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Divides the western Southern hemisphere between Portugal and Spain. Why only these two nations? Who establishes this treaty? Result for Europe?

17. Conquistadors Spain quickly consolidated a new-world empire through the raids of Conquistadors. What type of people were the conquistadors? Motivation? Funding?

18. Conquistadors Usually they were very successful against the native Americans and defeated them easily. Reasons: Compare weapons of Europeans to Americans Diseases brought by Europeans What disease is deadliest? Why is it one way? 1550: Spanish domination of Americas Brazil (Portugal)

19. Conquistadors 1519�Cortez begins overthrow of mighty Aztec empire in central Mexico. Takes three years to defeat all of Montezuma�s Aztec empire. 1531-1550�Spanish Gain Control of Northern Mexico 1536�Pizarro conquers Incas in Peru.

20. Administration of the Spanish Empire Encomienda System Right of Encomienda Resembles? What is the quid pro quo? Who are the de facto rulers of New Spain? Results for surviving natives?

21. The Impact of European Expansion Overwhelming European Domination Results for natives? For Europeans? What resources are most sought after in New World? What does Spain import? Immediate results for Spain? Long-term results for Spanish (and European) economy? Who really gets rich?

22. Food and Wars Commodities from the new world What are the new cash crops? What are the new staple crops? What is the difference? Portugal�s efforts to dominate trade with Asia were only successful for a short time. Why? What is the risk of investment? Who is likely to take over from the Portuguese?

23. Dutch and English Late 1500s and early 1600s England and Dutch became even bigger threats to Portugal in Asia. What is the difference between Spanish/Portuguese and English/Dutch merchant ventures? English establish the Virginia company in early 1600s and begin colonization of Americas at Jamestown. Dutch West India Company founds New Holland in present New York.

24. Slave Trade During the 16th-18th centuries, the demand for slaves increased dramatically Where? Why not use Europeans? African Slave Trade How were slaves acquired? Who bought and sold slaves? Difference between pre-exploration and post-exploration slavery?

25. Sugar Islands Demand for sugar in Europe increased. Why was it so expensive? Sugar Production goes way up in the 16th Century with colonization of Americas. Import African slaves to work these plantations Why not use natives?

26. Slave Trade Begins 1518: Spanish ship carries the first boatload of African slaves directly from Africa to the New World. Between early 1500s and late 1700s, 10 million slaves were transported to the Americas. Large number of imported slaves because high death rate. Why was the death rate so high? Why not take better care of slaves?