An Overview of Applied Linguistics

1. An Overview of Applied Linguistics

2. What is Applied Linguistics? • “Applied Linguistics” is using what we know about language, how it is learned, and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.

3. What is Applied Linguistics? • “Applied Linguistics” is using what we know about language, how it is learned, and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.

4. What is Applied Linguistics? • “Applied Linguistics” is using what we know about language, how it is learned, and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.

5. Question • According to the definition, what are some possible issues concerned in the field of Applied Linguistics?

6. Areas in Applied Linguistics • Traditional concern of applied linguistics has been • second language acquisition theory • second language pedagogy • interface between the two • Other areas • authorship identification • forensic linguistics • language-related disorders (aphasic, autistic speakers)

7. Areas in Applied Linguistics—AAAL 2002 (18 topic areas) • language and its acquisition • language and assessment • language and the brain • language and cognition • language and culture • language and ideology • language and instruction

8. Areas in Applied Linguistics—AAAL 2002 • language and interaction • language and listening • language and media • language and policy • language and reading • language and research methodology • language and society

9. Areas in Applied Linguistics—AAAL 2002 • language and speaking • language and technology • language and translation/interpretation • language and writing

10. Homework • Visit the conference websites of AILA 2005, AAAL/CAAL 2006, BAAL2005, ALAA2005 and check what sub-areas each conference include in its Call for Papers. • The purpose of this homework is to make you see what areas are of interest in the field of Applied Linguistics.

11. The Development of Applied Linguistics—Early History • the ancient Greeks • Plato and Aristotle: design of curriculum of grammar, rhetoric

12. The Development of Applied Linguistics—Early History • English: • Samuel Johnson (1755). Dictionary of the English Language • authority on the meanings of English words • standardizing English spellings • Robert Lowth (1762). Short Introduction to English Grammar • adopted as ‘correct English”

13. The Development of Applied Linguistics—The 20th Century • L2 teaching methods: • Grammar-translation method (ability to ‘analyze’ language) • Direct method (use-based, exposure to oral language) • Reading MethodVocabulary Control Movement) • Aodiolingualism (World War II) (Behaviorism) • Cognitive approach (Chomsky, 1959) (LAD) • Communicative competence (Hymes, 1972) • Monitor theory (Krashen, 1982) • Focus on form form (Doughty and Williams, 1998) • CALL • Corpus Linguistics

14. The Development of Applied Linguistics—The 20th Century • Social/Cultural and Contextual Elements • Philosophy • Psychology (experimental science): separation of individual and society (Chomsky) • Labov (1970): How social factors influence L1 language use Tarone (1979) did the same for L2 • Sociolinguistics: The study of the interface of social factors and language use • Pragmatics • Discourse Analysis

15. The Development of Applied Linguistics—The 20th Century • Social/Cultural and Contextual Elements • Philosophy • Psychology (experimental science): separation of individual and society (Chomsky) • Labov (1970): How social factors influence L1 language use Tarone (1979) did the same for L2 • Sociolinguistics: The study of the interface of social factors and language use • Pragmatics • Discourse Analysis

16. The Development of Applied Linguistics—The 20th Century • Sociolinguistics: The study of the interface of social factors and language use • Pragmatics • Discourse Analysis • Social and contextual influences cannot be divorced form individual learners when language learning and use are studied.

17. Themes to Watch For in this Book • The Interrelationship of the Areas of Applied Linguistics • The Move from Discrete to more Holistic and Integrative Perspectives • Language use is not just a product of a number of individual language ‘knowledge bits’ which reside completely within interlocutors; it is also profoundly affected by a number of other factors, such as the social context (who you are communicating with and for what purpose), the degree of involvement and interaction, the mode of communication (style) and time constraints.

18. Themes to Watch For in this Book • The Move from Discrete to more Holistic and Integrative Perspectives • Taking these and other factors into account gives us a much richer and more accurate account of the way language is actually used and leads to a better description of the knowledge and skills which make up language proficiency.

19. Themes to Watch For in this Book • Bringing the language learner into the discussion • Ch 10, Focus on the Language Learner: Motivation, Styles and Strategies

20. Themes to Watch For in this Book • New Perspectives on Teaching the Four Skills (Ch 11-14)

21. The Lack of ‘Black and White’ Answers • Because language is created and processed both between interlocutors and within the human mind, much of what is of interest in applied linguistics is hidden from direct view and study. • We cannot yet look into the human brain and directly observe language, which means that most research has to rely on indirect evidence observable through language processing and use

22. The Lack of ‘Black and White’ Answers • The results of such indirect evidence needs to be interpreted, and usually more than one interpretation is possible. • This makes it difficult to say much with complete certainty about language learning and use. • It is thus remains the responsibility of researchers, teachers and readers to evaluate the various proposed positions and decide which makes the most sense.