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Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

Objectives. Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and functionExplain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow through arteries, capillaries, and veinsDiscuss the mechanisms and various pressures involved in the movement of fluids between capillaries and inter

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Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

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    1. Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care Chapter 14 Blood Vessels and Circulation

    2. Objectives Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function Explain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow through arteries, capillaries, and veins Discuss the mechanisms and various pressures involved in the movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces Describe the factors that influence blood pressure and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure

    3. Objectives Describe how central and local control mechanisms interact to regulate blood flow and pressure in tissues Explain how the activities of the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are coordinated to control blood flow through the tissues Explain how the circulatory system responds to the demands of exercise and hemorrhaging

    4. Objectives Identify the major arteries and veins and the areas they serve Describe the age-related changes that occur in the cardiovascular system Discuss the structural and functional interactions among the cardiovascular system and other body systems

    5. The Anatomy of Blood Vessels Structure of Vessel Walls Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa

    6. The Anatomy of Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Capillary Beds Veins

    7. The Function of Valves in the Venous System

    8. Circulatory Physiology Pressure Resistance Vascular resistance Viscosity Turbulence

    9. Circulatory Physiology Circulatory Pressure Arterial blood pressure Capillary pressures Capillary dynamics Venous pressure

    10. Vital Signs

    11. Cardiovascular Regulation Local factors Neural mechanisms Endocrine factors

    12. Cardiovascular Regulation Autoregulation of Blood Flow Neural Control of BP and Blood Flow Baroreceptor Reflexes Chemoreceptors Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain Centers

    13. The Carotid and Aortic Sinus Baroreceptor Reflexes

    14. The Chemoreceptor Reflexes

    15. Cardiovascular Regulation Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation Angiotensin II Antidiuretic Hormone Erythropoietin Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

    16. The Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure

    17. Patterns of Cardiovascular Response Exercise and the Cardiovascular System Extensive vasodilation occurs Venous return increases Cardiac output rises

    18. Patterns of Cardiovascular Response Cardiovascular response to Hemorrhaging Elevation of Blood Pressure Restoration of Blood Volume

    19. The Blood Vessels Pulmonary Circulation

    20. The Blood Vessels The Systemic Circulation Systemic arteries Arteries of the Aortic Arch Subclavian arteries Carotid artery and the Blood supply to the Brain Descending Aorta

    21. Overview of the Arterial System

    22. A Flow Chart Showing the Arterial Distribution to the Head, Chest, and Upper Limbs

    23. Arteries of the Neck, Head, and Brain

    24. Major Arteries of the Trunk

    25. Major Arteries of the Trunk

    26. The Blood Vessels Systemic Circulation Systemic Veins Superior Vena Cava Venous return from the Head and Neck Venous return from the Limbs and Chest Inferior Vena Cava Hepatic Portal System

    27. An Overview of the Venous System

    28. Major Veins of the Head and Neck

    29. The Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Chest

    30. A Flow Chart of the Circulation to the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

    31. The Hepatic Portal System

    32. Blood Vessels Fetal Circulation Placental blood supply Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels Circulatory changes at birth

    33. Aging and the Cardiovascular System Blood Decreased hematocrit Constriction or blockage of peripheral veins by the formation of a thrombus Pooling of the blood in the veins of the legs Heart Reduction in CO Changes in the nodal and conducting cells Atherosclerosis Reduction in elasticity of the fibrous skeleton Replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by scar tissue

    34. Aging and the Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels Inelastic walls of arteries Calcium salt deposits Thrombi formation

    35. Integration with Other Systems

    36. Summary

    37. Emergency Care Applications Chapter 14

    38. Overview

    39. Aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Dissecting Aneurysm

    40. Acute Pulmonary Embolism

    41. Acute Arterial Occlusion Five P’s Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paresthesia Paralysis

    42. Vasculitis Inflammatory process segmental Necrosis Hypertrophy Can lead to partial or total occlusion

    43. Vascular Trauma Traumatic Aneurysm or Rupture of the Aorta Other Vascular Injuries

    44. Summary

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