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Northwestern Juvenile Project

Northwestern Juvenile Project. Faculty Linda A. Teplin, Ph.D. (PI) Karen M. Abram, Ph.D. Leah Welty, Ph.D. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Health Disparities & Public Policy. Former Graduate Students Amy Lansing, Ph.D. Julie Harnisher, Ph.D. Devon King, Ph.D.

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Northwestern Juvenile Project

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  1. Northwestern Juvenile Project Faculty Linda A. Teplin, Ph.D. (PI) Karen M. Abram, Ph.D. Leah Welty, Ph.D. Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineHealth Disparities & Public Policy Former Graduate Students Amy Lansing, Ph.D. Julie Harnisher, Ph.D. Devon King, Ph.D. Katherine Elkington, Ph.D. Jeanne Choe, Ph.D Leah Paskar, Ph.D. Erin Romero, Ph.D. Naomi Abrams, Ph.D. Kristin Emanuel, Ph.D. Current Graduate Students Elena De La Garza Bassett Nichole Olson Jennifer Hershfield Anna Harrison Marquita Stokes Nicole Azores-Gococo Lauren Potthoff

  2. Delinquency Cases Disposed, 1985-2009

  3. 1-Day Count of Juvenile Offenders in Custody, 1991-2006 (in 1,000s) count (in 1000’s)

  4. Why Study Detained Youth?Disproportionate Minority Confinement % of African Americans in US population (13%)

  5. Proportion of Poor, Inner-City African American Youth Arrested by Age 18

  6. Participants Non-Hispanic White African American • Race/Ethnicity* • African American = 1005 • Hispanic: = 524 • Non-Hispanic White = 296 • Other = 4 • Gender • Male = 1172 • Female = 657 • Age (mean = 14.9) • Legal Status • Adult court = 275 • Juvenile court = 1554 Hispanic 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 age

  7. Methods • Stratified Random Sample, N=1829 • Sampled from Cook County Detention Center • Followed up in Community or Correctional Facility

  8. Disorders Assessed Over Time a If < 18 years b If > 18 years

  9. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders at theBaseline Interview(N=1,829) Males Females %

  10. African American Hispanic non-Hispanic white Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Males, Baseline

  11. African American Hispanic non-Hispanic white Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Females, Baseline

  12. None of the Listed Disorders 34.8% 14.6% Substance49.8% 1.4% 3.2% ADHD/ Behavioral 41.7% 16.4% 6.7% 6.9% 1.1% 1.2% 2.0% 4.3% 0.7% 1.6% 2.1% Affective 17.9% 2.1% 1.0% Anxiety 21.1% Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Males

  13. Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Females None of the Listed Disorders 27.2% 9.6% Substance 44.5% 2.0% 1.2% 2.2% 3.9% 14.0% 2.3% 7.6% 6.7% 4.8% ADHD/ Behavioral 46.3% 2.0% 4.9% 2.6% 2.9% 6.0% Anxiety 31.5% Affective 26.4%

  14. Single and Multiple Substance Use Disorders Among Males (N = 1143) a No Substance Use Disorder (50.09%) MARIJUANA (Total = 44.95%) 23.63% (Marijuana only) ALCOHOL (Total = 25.27%) 19.42% (Alcohol + Marijuana) 4.59% (Alcohol only) 1.23% (Alcohol + Marijuana + Other ) 0.03% (Alcohol + Other) 0.67% (Marijuana + Other) OTHER DRUG (Total = 2.44%) 0.51% (Other only) a Percentages do not total to 100% due to rounding

  15. Single and Multiple Substance Use Disorders Among Females (N = 631) a No Substance Use Disorder (55.02%) MARIJUANA (Total = 40.51%) 18.45% (Marijuana only) ALCOHOL (Total = 24.73%) 17.25% (Alcohol + Marijuana) 3.53% (Alcohol + Marijuana + Other ) 3.82% (Alcohol only) 1.28% (Marijuana + Other) OTHER DRUG (Total = 5.47%) 0.13% (Alcohol + Other) 0.53% (Other only) a Percentages do not total to 100% due to rounding

  16. Proportion of Sample by IQ (KBIT) Above Average Average Below Average Well Below Average Lower Extreme

  17. Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Males Baseline Time 2 6% 14% 25% 2% 4% 3% 5% 11% 11% 1% 2% 11% Substance 53.4% Internalizing 22.2% Behavior 25.8% Substance 31.2% Internalizing 11.7% Behavior 24.1% 1% 8% 1 Percentages have been rounded up. 2 Internalizing disorders combine any affective disorder and any anxiety disorder. 3 Overall percentages do not match percentages within Venn diagram due to weighting

  18. Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Females Baseline Time 2 7% 16% 9% 3% 6% 8% 14% 2% 3% 1% 5% 10% 8% 5% Substance 46.8% Internalizing 32.3% Behavior 34.2% Substance 17.3% Internalizing 12.7% Behavior 13.9% 1 Percentages have been rounded up. 2 Internalizing disorders combine any affective disorder and any anxiety disorder. 3 Overall percentages do not match percentages within Venn diagram due to weighting

  19. Comorbid Types of Disorders Among Males at Time 2 by Incarceration Status Not Incarcerated Past Year Incarcerated in Past Year 16% 8% 0% 5% 2% 1% 5% 1% 0.4% 6% 1% 11% 7% 5% Substance 34.3% Internalizing 11.8% Behavior 21.1% Substance 7.0% Internalizing 8.8% Behavior 9.3%

  20. Prevalence of Specific Substance Use Disorders in Males % Alcohol Use Disorder Marijuana Use Disorder Other Drug Use Disorder Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 8 Years 12 Years 6 Years

  21. Prevalence of Specific Substance Use Disorders in Females % Alcohol Use Disorder Marijuana Use Disorder Other Drug Use Disorder Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 8 Years 12 Years 6 Years

  22. Other Drug Use Disorders in Males by Race/Ethnicity % Non-Hispanic White Hispanic African American Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 8 Years 12 Years 6 Years

  23. Other Drug Use Disorders in Females by Race/Ethnicity % Non-Hispanic White Hispanic African American Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 8 Years 12 Years 6 Years

  24. Trajectories of SUDs • SUDs are prevalent and persistent • BUT, not all youth follow the same course of disorder • Trajectory analyses examine patterns of change within individuals over time

  25. Aggregated Statistics baseline follow-up 10/50 = 20% 10/50 = 20% 10/50 = 20% 10/50 = 20%

  26. Trajectories of SUD 1.0 probability of any SUD n = 1382 late desisters (19%) 0.8 0.6 early desisters (54%) probability 0.4 initial escalators (27%) 0.2 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 years since baseline Preliminary Data

  27. Trajectories of SUD 1.0 probability of comorbid/other SUD n = 1382 0.8 0.6 late desisters (19%) probability 0.4 early desisters (54%) 0.2 initial escalators (27%) 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 years since baseline Preliminary Data

  28. Positive Outcome Domains • Educational attainment • Employment and/or education • Desistance from criminal activity & arrests • Nonviolent personal relationships • Residential stability • Psychological well-being

  29. How Many Participants were Subsequently Incarcerated by the 5 Year Follow-up? non-Hispanic white Hispanic African American non-Hispanic white Hispanic African American % Preliminary Data

  30. Youth Achieving Global Positive Outcomes 9% Doing moderately well (3-4 positive outcomes) Doing very well (5-6 positive outcomes) Doing poorly (0-2 positive outcomes) 50% 41% Preliminary Data

  31. Disproportionate Burden of HIV/AIDS Among African Americans % of African Americans in the U.S. (13%)

  32. Males Females What Proportion of Prisoners Have HIV/AIDS? %

  33. Females Males What % of Participants Engaged in 10 or More HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors? % Preliminary Data

  34. Recent HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Males (%)

  35. Deaths: n=120

  36. Preliminary data

  37. Survivalby Drug Dealing at Year 3 No Yes Preliminary data

  38. Survivalby Alcohol Use Disorder at Year 3 No p<.05 Yes Preliminary data

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