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Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, & Degazettement in Africa:

Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, & Degazettement in Africa: local pressures, global demands, and everything in-between Sharon Pailler 1 Michael Mascia 1 McArd Joseph Mlotha 1,2 and Dana Murray 1,3 1 WWF; 2 Antioch University New England, 3 UCSB. Introduction.

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Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, & Degazettement in Africa:

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  1. Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, & Degazettement in Africa: local pressures, global demands, and everything in-between Sharon Pailler1 Michael Mascia1 McArd Joseph Mlotha 1,2 and Dana Murray 1,3 1WWF; 2Antioch University New England, 3 UCSB

  2. Introduction • Dynamic environment surrounding PAs • Independence • Administration change • Conflict • Economic change • Changing priorities • Often associated pressures • Demand for natural resources • Land use change (population/agriculture) • Poor governance • Limited resources/capacity • Can we assume that PA systems remain static?

  3. Research Objective Document and explain patterns, trends, and causes of PA downgrading, downsizing, & degazettement (PADDD) in Africa. • To what extent is PADDD occurring? • Where? • When? • Why? • So what?

  4. Definitions Downgrading – decrease in level of legal protection; increase in legally authorized activities within a protected area. Downsizing – decrease in legal size of a protected area Degazettement – loss of legal protection for an entire protected area.

  5. Methods Definitions & decision trees Data collection Authoritative datasets • UN PA lists (1962-1997) • World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA, 2004-2009) Document analysis • Scientific literature • Technical reports & legal documents • Popular media Personal Communication • Regional experts Data triangulation, maps, & descriptive statistics

  6. To what extent is PADDD occurring? • Where?

  7. PADDD, 1900-2009 16-30 cases 1-5 cases Data collection ongoing 31+ cases Not included in study 6-15 cases N=343

  8. PADDD – by country and type 136 172 N=343

  9. % of PA Estate Affected by PADDD, 1900-2009 0.01-5.00% 15.01-30.00% Data collection ongoing Not included in study 30.01+ % 5.01-15.00% N = 276

  10. % PA Estate Affected by PADDD 1900-2010 21% N=276

  11. % PA estate affected by PADDD

  12. When?

  13. Square Kilometers N=261

  14. Temporal Trends 1900-2009 Number of PADDD events N=317

  15. PADDD today • Serengeti • Road (50 km) • Namibia • Industrial agriculture Nature Vol 467|16 September 2010

  16. Why?

  17. Proximate Causes of PADDD in Africa *n=156

  18. So what?

  19. Implications • PADDD not necessarily bad… • Alternate forms of governance may conserve better (Nepstad, et al.) • More efficient allocation of conservation resources (Fuller, et al.) • Address historic injustice • Balance development needs • BUT many PADDD events are likely bad for biodiversity • Tool in conservation toolkit not working as intended

  20. Findings PADDD is happening Many drivers (advance/hinder conservation) • Restructuring PA systems • Local land pressure • Extractive industries Growing pressures and competing priorities • Population pressures • Global demand for resources • Development aims How will these factors affect PA’s in the future?

  21. Now what?

  22. Next Steps… • 3 national PADDD-REDD analyses • Carbon lost to PADDD • $ value of lost carbon • Establish PADDDtracker.org • Bolster dataset • Build awareness • Foster transparency & accountability • Priority place PADDD overviews

  23. Acknowledgements WWF Staff • Nasser Olwero (WWF-US CSP) • Leo Bottrill (Asia, E. Africa) • Paul Siegel (Senegal) • Chris Weaver (Namibia, Southern Africa) • Greg Stuart-Hill (Namibia, Southern Africa) • Nanie Ratsifandrihamanana (Madagascar) • Neil Burgess (Eastern Africa) • Lisa Steel (Central Africa, Namibia, Madagascar) • Allard Blom (Central Africa) • Robin Naidoo (Namibia) • Michael Wright (Eastern Africa) • Caroline Simmonds (Eastern Africa) • Keya Chatterjee (Morocco) • Barney Long (Africa) • Jessica Forrest (Africa) • Paya deMarcken (Congo Basin ) • Ibrahima Mat Dia (Senegal, The Gambia) Macarthur Foundation From Other organizations • Peter Veit (Eastern Africa) (WRI) • Augustine Njamnshi (Cameroon) (WRI) • NikSekhran (Zambia) (UNDP) • Johan Robinson (Zambia) (UNDP) • Midori Paxton (Namibia) (UNDP) • Linda Baker (Namibia) (UNDP) • Jonathan Smith (Namibia) (UNDP) • Fiona (Boo) Maisels (Central Africa) (WCS) • Michelle Wieland (Sudan, Congo, Malawi, DRC) (WCS) Richard Cowling (NMMU, S. Africa) • Steven Holness (S. Africa National Parks) • John Mason (Nature Conservation Research Centre, Ghana) • Jordan Kimball (USFS, Guinea & Sierra Leone) • SitaZougouri (Burkina Faso) • Art Blundell (West Africa) • DelaliDovie (U. of Ghana, Ghana) • Julia Baker (Imperial College London, Uganda) • EJ Milner-Gulland (Imperial College London, Uganda) • Kofi Agbogah (Coastal Resources Center,Ghana)

  24. THANK YOU

  25. Decolonization & PADDD

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