Group 4: Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impact

Group 4: Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impact Co-Leader Sohichi Hirose，Japan Co-Leader Ronaldo S. Gallardo, the Philippines Co-Leader Prasert Suwanvitaya, Thailand

1. Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impact Objective To propose materials, members and new technology for infrastructure of “reduced environmental impact type”

1.Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4 Life of infrastructure - Planning and design - Construction - Service Reduction of adverse impact of infrastructure on the environment may be implemented at various stages．

1.Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4 Life of infrastructure - Planning and design Environmental performance characteristics as well as standard ones should be considered. The designer has an opportunity to choose eco-friendly materials and construction process as well as maintenance plan which lead to the least impact on the environment. - Construction - Service

1.Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4 Life of infrastructure - Planning and design - Construction - Service For environmentally protective construction, periodic monitoring and testing should be carried out to check whether the construction conditions are satisfied.

1.Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4 Life of infrastructure - Planning and design - Construction - Service The reduction of environmental impact may be achieved by extending the service life of infrastructure, for which maintenance technology, including monitoring andnondestructive evaluation is important.

1.Objectives and Research Topics : Group 4 Main Research Topics A. Utilization of Unused and Waste Materials B. Durability and Maintenance Problems B.1 Durability of infrastructures B.2 Monitoring technology for existing infrastructures and materials B.3 Retrofitting technology

2. Overview of Research Outcomes: Group 4 • Utilization of Unused and Waste Materials • - Basic material and mechanical properties of unused aggregates, industrial by-products like bottom ash and fly ash and recycled materials of eco-cement, recycled aggregate and recycled PET bottle fibers were tested to investigate the utilization for construction materials. • - Natural resources of bamboo, sisal or coir fibers were mixed to improve the mechanical properties of concrete with the Mt. Pinatubo aggregates. • - The environmental affect of heavy metals contained in bottom ash was discussed.

2. Overview of Research Outcomes: Group 4 B. Durability and Maintenance Problems B.1 Durability of infrastructures - Concrete deterioration and corrosion behavior of steel bars due to various environmental conditions have been investigated. - Performance of weathering steels was evaluated under different environments in Asian-Pacific region. - Various structural designissues related to new structure model, dynamic bridge analysis, environmental effect on steel and concrete bridges, fracture and fatigue of steel structures and reinforced concrete structures have been investigated.

2. Overview of Research Outcomes: Group 4 B.2 Monitoring technology for infrastructures and materials - Sensors and processing equipments for measurement of strain, displacement, velocity, temperature etc. andweigh-in-motion monitoring system have been developed for bridge maintenance. Weigh-in-motion : live load monitoring system to estimate the vehicle weight from measured strain data while vehicles pass on the bridge. - Fundamental theory and applications of ultrasonic nondestructive testing have been developed.

2. Overview of Research Outcomes: Group 4 B.3 Retrofitting technology - Innovative repair and retrofitting technology for concrete, soil, and steelhas been developed. concrete: electrodeposition method, cathodic protection soil: electrochemical technique

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5. Built environment: Design of infrastructure with reduced environmental impact 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies 3.8. Use of eco-friendly materials in the Philippines and Thailand 3.9. Monitoring of weathering steel and of existing bridges

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures Designing ofenvironmental-load-reduction-oriented structure Profitability Safety Usability Workability Required standard function Pollution Waste disposal Required environmental function Scenic beauty Regional land area and water region Regional environmental load-reduction Regional eco-system Resource consumption Global environmental load-reduction JSCE, Guidelines for Design of Environmental-Load-Reduction-Oriented Structures, 2001 Resource recycling Global atmospheric area and water region

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures conventional design Designing ofenvironmental-load-reduction-oriented structure Profitability Safety Usability Workability Required standard function Pollution Waste disposal Required environmental function Scenic beauty Regional land area and water region Regional environmental load-reduction Regional eco-system Resource consumption Global environmental load-reduction JSCE, Guidelines for Design of Environmental-Load-Reduction-Oriented Structures, 2001 Resource recycling Global atmospheric area and water region

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.2. Design of environmental-load reduction oriented structures Summary and recommendations In the design of structures, the overall evaluation of regional and global environmental factors, in addition to conventional standard structure evaluation items, is necessary. We need to develop proper technology and techniques for effective and quantitative environmental evaluation.

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials What are eco-friendly materials? materials that are either naturally occurring or by-products that may be used in composites (mortar, concrete, etc.) for the purpose of reducing the requirement for cement and/or imparting other properties beneficial to a given application. Naturally occurring materials : volcanic ash, agricultural wastes (rice husk ash, coconut husk, etc.) Industrial by-products: fly ash, bottom ash, slag, etc.

A • Standard material tests • chemical • physical • mechanical • mineralogical • etc. For future consideration Composite material preparation • Performance tests • Strength parameters • Durability parameters • Aesthetics • etc. N • Usage of material • Cementitious material • Pozzolanic material • Fine aggregate • Coarse aggregate • etc. • Form of • composite • mortar • concrete • RC • etc. Processing Acceptable performance? Y Can be economically processed? N Characteristic similar to known material? Y Use in intended application and prepare specifications N Y For future consideration Can pass requirements for known material? N Y Use just as the known material but verify performance A 3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Performance testing on composites If the new material satisfies the standard specifications for a known material, then it can be used as a substitute for the known material. On the other hand, if the new material is similar in some respect to a known material but does not satisfy all the standard requirements of the known material, the new material may then be used in composites, and the performance of the composite will be subjected to testing.

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region Tokyo Nicaragua Okinawa Philippines Kiribati

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region Okinawa Aggregate Philippines Aggregate Nicaragua Aggregate Kiribati Aggregate Normal Aggregate

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region When the cement-water (C/W) ratio is low, the type of coarse aggregate does not much influence on the strength. On the other hand, the difference of properties of concrete with various kinds of aggregate can be clearly seen when the cement-water ratio is high.

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region Strength and chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the concrete using the low quality coarse aggregates from Asia-Pacific region can be improved by using the proposed methods such as coating of coarse aggregate before mixing or combined use with normal aggregate.

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Volcanic ash － Pinatubo Aggregates with Natural Fiber Pinatubo concrete has not enough performance. To improve the property of Pinatubo concrete, natural fiber and crushed stone are added. 1) Natural fiber Density:1.35kg/ℓAbsorption : 33.6% coir, bamboo, sisal 2) Crushed Stone (CS) Density: 2.63kg/ℓ Absorption: 0.53%

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Volcanic ash － Pinatubo Aggregates with Natural Fiber RC beam test to investigate shear carrying capacity + CS & fiber + CS + fiber Load displacement curves of RC beams (0-00 means no crushed stone and no fiber while 30-10S means 30 percent crushed stone content and 10 percent sisal fiber content)

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.3. Use of eco-friendly materials Summary and recommendations Specific recommendations are as follows: 1. Development of material specifications for new eco-friendly materials 2. Establishment of performance standards for composites/structures using eco-friendly materials 3. Development of standard testing procedures for materials and composites Also, documentation of applications of eco-friendly materials as well as long-term monitoring of performance of structures using eco-friendly materials is in order.

?? tf Calculate Strain 3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures Monitoring technology - Weigh-In-Motion Low-cost measurement system to obtain the weight of vehicle Principle of Weigh-In-Motion： Dynamic Strain = Weight of vehicle × Influence line Measurement Calibration

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures Monitoring technology - Weigh-In-Motion Conventional portable system New simplified portable system

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures Monitoring technology - Weigh-In-Motion Vehicle for reference (four-axle truck) Strain history for reference Measurement field / Mabalacat Bridge Strain history for target vehicle Target vehicle with empty bed

Results obtained by Simplified WIM 3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures Monitoring technology - Weigh-In-Motion

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures Monitoring technology - Weigh-In-Motion Portable Train Weighing System : WEIGHWELL Axle weight histogram Minor's hypothesis Percent fatigue damage for southbound at Donmuang Station (left) andeastbound at Chachoengsao Station (right)

3. Book Contents: Group4 2.5.4. Monitoring technology and nondestructive testing for existing infrastructures Summary and recommendations To maintain existing structures properly, the performance of structures has to be evaluated quantitatively by using suitable technology and techniques. Although many monitoring technology and nondestructive testing methods are already available, new technology and techniques need to be developed continuously for more reliable maintenanceand examined for long-term usability．

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies Reinforced concrete Repair: material replacement (replacement of concrete or steel), material enhancement (such as re-alkalization technique), repair of cracks (epoxy injection, electrodeposition, etc.), material protection (cathodic protection, etc.) Retrofit section modification (addition of concrete or steel volume) provision of additional reinforcement (steel jacketing, use of synthetic fibers and laminates, etc.)

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies Soil improvement expulsion of moisture application of surcharge to accelerate consolidation mechanical compaction mixing with binder (lime, cement, etc.) electrochemical technique Steel structure – fatigue removal of crack, re-weld surface treatments such as TIG dressing and peening re-weld + postweld surface treatments bolted splice, shape improving, stop hole, modification of connection detail ultrasonic impact method low-temperature transformation welding electrode

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies Reinforced concrete Repair: material replacement (replacement of concrete or steel), material enhancement (such as re-alkalization technique), repair of cracks (epoxy injection, electrodeposition, etc.), material protection (cathodic protection, etc.) Retrofit section modification (addition of concrete or steel volume) provision of additional reinforcement (steel jacketing, use of synthetic fibers and laminates, etc.)

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies Repair of cracks (electrodeposition) Conventional Conditions Proposed Conditions External Solution： Mg(CH3COO)2 Solution Concentration：1.0mol/L Current Density ：0.1A/m2 External Solution： Mg(CH3COO)2 Solution Concentration：0.1mol/L Current Density ：1.0A/ｍ2 2.0 cm 2.0 cm Steel bar Steel bar Crack is closed perfectly using newly proposed conditions.

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies Repair of cracks (electrodeposition) Sound part Cover depth Depth of Crack Closure（mm） ProposedCondition Conventional Condition Depth of Chloride Ion Penetration（mm） Resistance against chloride ion penetration through the crack part becomes the same as that in the sound part using this proposed conditions.

3. Book Contents: Group 4 2.5.5. Repair and retrofit technologies Summary and recommendations Many techniques for repair and retrofit for concrete, soil, and steel are already available in practice and in literature. In general, repair and retrofit will only be called upon if there were lapses in the design, construction, or maintenance, or if there are some intervening incidents or decisions that will affect the performance or function of the structure. The effectiveness of repair and retrofit techniques will be largely determined by the results of inspection, characterization, and analysis of the problem. This will be facilitated if good documentation on the materials, construction, usage, and environment conditions is available for the structure in question.

4. Conclusions : Group 4 Various techniques and methodology were proposed to reduce the adverse impact of infrastructure on the environment during the phases of planning and design, construction and actual service. This can be achieved if planners and designers use a paradigm that considers harmony between infrastructure development and the environment. Production of materials for infrastructure is environmentally disruptive so a shift to the use of eco-friendly materials such as the wastes and recycled materials should be considered. To extend the lifespan of existing infrastructures, monitoring and testing technologies as well as repair and retrofitting technologies were also discussed. For practical application, it is necessary to examine the long-term usability of new techniques and methodology and to develop documentation and specification.

Group 4: Infrastructure Maintenance/Upgrade for Minimal Environmental Impact