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Establishing the United States

Establishing the United States . Between 1763-17769, British attempts to exert control over the colonies led to violent, organized successful resistance and eventually the establishment of America . War????? . Unprepared Why???? 2 nd Continental Congress Send representative –not GA

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Establishing the United States

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  1. Establishing the United States Between 1763-17769, British attempts to exert control over the colonies led to violent, organized successful resistance and eventually the establishment of America

  2. War????? • Unprepared • Why???? • 2nd Continental Congress • Send representative –not GA • not Agreeing • Independence/ moderate reform • Olive Branch Petition • Declaration of Causes and Necessities for Taking up Arms

  3. War?????? • 2 Options • Taking up arms • Unconditional submission • Redress of grievances • Cost • American Patriots loose affection • Why???? • Mercenaries, Indians, African slaves • Reject Olive Branch • Probationary Act • No sea trade /block colony ports

  4. War??????? • Paine’s little pamphlet • C.C open ports –no brits • Committee to declare • “that these United Colonies are, and of right, ought to be free, and independent states” • T.J – writes • Restates John Locke contract theory • Reject idea of peace • Opposed

  5. The Divided • Loyalists • Tories • --colonies (now states) authority • Articles of Confederation • Limited power---- can not tax

  6. States • Organize for War? • Army, supplies, • Shortages • Arsenal at Springfield, Mass • How do they fight??? • France • Money ----

  7. War • Patriotism fades • Who is gonna fight? • Persuade –propaganda • Force • Pay • Draft • Create a Continental Army --- • Washington leader

  8. War for Independence America’s Advantages • Fight on our turf • Deeply committed • Aid from others • France!

  9. Militia DiplomatsGaining Allies • John Adams • Secure treaties for trade • Recognize the United States • France • Ben Franklin • Spain and Netherlands

  10. Winning the War Creating Losers • Had to cooperate with France • The Treaty of Alliance – • Neither sign treaty –liberty, sovereignty, independence • Treaty of Paris 1783 • Recognize –West Indies • Clear cut recognition • 100,000 leave • Britain • Canada start English speaking colony • Anglicans

  11. We are Free Now What ???? • New institutions of government • Civic Virtue --- • All power from the people • Independent land owners • Earn success • Constitutions must be written • Rhode Island and Connecticut • Statue of Religious Liberty –church and state separate

  12. We are Free Now What?????Fight the good fight • National Government ---scary • Articles of Confederation • Strengths: wars, foreign relations, appropriate borrow and issue money • Weakness: no taxes, regulate trade, draft troops

  13. 2nd Continental Congress • Passed Olive Branch • Declaration • Established Washington in command • Navy • Privateers attack Brits ship • Send militia diplomats • Articles of confederation

  14. Good Ole King George • Proclamation of Rebellion • Hessians to help • “loyal subjects to oppose rebellion”

  15. Declaration • Preamble: describes why • Declare rights • List of grievances • T.J uses Locke= natural order, consent of the governed • last section = levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce

  16. Articles of Confederation • New government • Weak central government • Accomplishments: Peace of Paris, Land Ordinances, Departments of Foreign Affairs, War and Treasury

  17. Why it does not work

  18. Now What • Annapolis Conference ---change articles

  19. Compromise • Single delegate each state= Grand Committee • Franklin Chairman • Great Compromise • 3/5 slaves free person taxes and representation • why • Other compromises ???? • No tax on imports and 10$ limit on slaves d • Cant stop slave trade 20 years

  20. What is Missing • No definition of citizenship • Absence of individual rights

  21. 1787 Constitution • Madison • Sovereignty • All power flows from people • Neither state or federal truly sovereign • Concentrated authority • Large republic =different factions • Separation of powers

  22. Constitution • 1789= first elections • Washington chosen • Continuation of the Convention • Bill of Rights – even Madison agrees

  23. Hamilton • Sec. Treasury Alex Hamilton = right hand man of Washington • Enlightened ruling class == needs the wealthy support • Funding the debt--- 54 million and states 25 • State debt to be assumed by National • Excise tax = alcohol distillers • Tariff on imports

  24. Hamilton's Program • Assuming state debt = people angry • Why???? • Small states vs larger states • Massachusetts far more money than Virginia • VA support • Capital is moved • Creates bank of the United States • Tariffs and excise tax = he wins

  25. Hamilton's Program • Restored public credit • Small farmers bear tax burden • Seen as supporting small wealthy elite • Political opponents arise

  26. Whiskey Rebellion • Why are farmers upset? • Whiskey excise tax • Washington raises army –15,000 • Rebellion collapsed • Won by intimidation

  27. Conflicts • 1794 Brits navy take ships • Why • Trading in West Indies (French part) • Wahshington appoints – John Jay • Why? • Neutral --- • Jay’s job included: get money for damage, get brits to withdraw, negotiated a new commercial treaty

  28. Treaties • 1794—did help against war • Undisputed sovereignty to American Northwest • Commercial relationship • Pinckney – treaty with Spain • 1795--- • Navigate the Mississippi • Deposit goods at New Orleans • Fixed border of Florida at 31rst parallel (Indian raids)

  29. Now What???????? • Washington leaves office • Divides federalists • Adams and Jefferson ---why Jefferson • Quasi War with France • Charles Pinckney (brother of Thomas) arrives in France • Did not see him as Rep of U.S • Conciliation -- sends Pinckney, Marshall, Gerry • Meet in France --- • Demand loan and bribes • Adams urges preparation for war

  30. XYZ Affair • Adams ready for war • Denounces French to Congress • Gives the report of incident • Leaves names off—XYZ • Undeclared war with French • Adams ---cut off trade, authorize capture French ships

  31. Reaction • Congress creates Department of Navy • Appropriated $ for war ships • 85 ships captured • Brits become our ally • France gives up – establish new commercial agreements

  32. Reactions • Federalists increase majorities in congress • Silence Republican opposition • Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien --- obstacles for immigrants want to be Americans—strengths Presidents hand in dealing with aliens –encourages some to leave • Sedition --- treasonous activities against government –arrested Republican newspaper editors • Repressive act –was passed

  33. Reaction • Kentucky Legislature – written by Jefferson • Virginia Legislature written by Madison • Both approved • Locke’s ideas --- undelegated power= “void, no force” • Kentucky resolution –nullify if governement exceeds power--- • VA KY congressional statutes void

  34. 1800 Presidential Election • Adams for Federalists • Jefferson for Republicans • Federalists Painted Jefferson’s administration to be as bad as French Rev • Republicans –Adams wanted to be King • Jefferson elected --- tie and House had to choose • Jefferson wins

  35. Court System • Judiciary Act 1801---Adams –reduced # of Supreme Court seats --- • Increased Federal • Adams quickly appointed federalists • Midnight appointments

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