Sentences

1. Sentences Run-ons/Fragments Phrases/Clauses Types of Sentences

2. Fragments/Run-ons

3. Sentence Definition • A sentence is a complete thought. • It contains at least one subject and one predicate (verb). • It can stand by itself and still make sense! • Example: The riverhas created many magnificent canyons.

4. Fragments • A fragment is a part of a sentence. • It may lack a subject or a predicate (verb) • It is NOT a complete thought • Example: After the game was over. • Example: Sitting in the small car.

5. Run-on… • Two or more sentences separated by just a comma or no punctuation EX: The Mayflowerlanded in 1620 ithad 102 passengers. EX: The bell rangsummerwas finally here.

6. How to Correct a Run-on • Make separate sentences • The Mayflower land in 1620. It had 102 passengers. • Add a comma and a conjunction • The Mayflower landed in 1620, and it had 102 passengers. • Add a semicolon—do NOT capitalize the letter after the semicolon • The Mayflower landed in 1620; it had 102 passengers.

7. Phrases and Clauses

8. Phrases • A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single part of speech in a sentence. • Phrases do not have a subject and predicate (verb). • Example: I just read an excellent book about tornadoes. • “about tornadoes” is a prepositional phrase that acts as an adjective

9. Adjective Phrases • Adjective Phrases modify the noun by telling what kindor which one. • Example: It rattled the windows in the room. • “in the room” tells which windows

10. Adjective Phrases: TRY IT! • The sound of the wind scared us. • Prepositional Phrase: • What noun does it modify? of the wind sound Because “of the wind” is a phrase that modifies a noun, it is called an adjective phrase.

11. Adjective Phrases: TRY IT! • There was a smell of rain in the air. • Prepositional Phrases: • What noun is modified? of rain, in the air smell Because “of rain” and “in the air” are a phrases that modify a noun, they are called adjective phrases.

12. Adverb phrases • An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb. • Adverb phrases point out where, when, in what way, or to what extent.

13. Adverb Phrase Example • During the storm, ranchers chased the herd. • “During the storm” is an adverb phrase that tells whenthey chased the herd.

14. Adverb Phrases: TRY IT! • Rain fell across the country . • Prepositional Phrase: • What is being modified? across the country where it fell Because “across the country” is a phrase that modifies a verb, it is called an adverb phrase.

15. Adjective or Adverb Phrase? Try these next examples and determine if there is an adjective phrase or adverb phrase.

16. The woman at the store gave me an umbrella. • Adjective phrase

17. He ran into the house to get out of the storm. • Adverb phrase

18. The clouds gathered and darkened at a rapid rate. • Adverb phrase

19. The town on the southern tip of Alabama got the most rain. • Adjective phrase

20. Clauses • A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb. • A clause may be a complete sentence (independent/main clause) OR • A clause may not be a complete sentence (dependent/subordinate clause)

21. Sentence Structure

22. The simple sentence(a.k.a. independent clause) • A simple sentence is made up of ONE independent clause. • S V • Shewashed the car. • S S V • Tim and his brotherare traveling to Mexico. • S V V • Carlawill clean and iron all her clothes for the trip.

23. Compound Sentences • A compound sentence is made up of TWO independent clauses joined by a comma and coordinating (FANBOYS) conjunction or a semi-colon. • EX: The ride lasted for several minutes, but my stomach continued to rumble for several hours. • EX:Thewind whipped against our faces, and the screams of other riders excited us. • EX:Theroller coaster is such fun;it’s very popular.

24. A compound sentence is a sentence with two or more simple sentences joined by these conjunctions: • F for • A and • N nor • B but • O or • Y yet • S so

25. Combining simple sentences: • We will be absent from school on Friday. • We will be here on Monday. • We will be absent from school on Friday,but we will be here on Monday.

26. Combine the following sentences • Henry is the tallest student in his class • He has a brother who is taller than him. • Henry is the tallest student in his class, yet he has a brother who is taller than him.

27. The Complex Sentence • A complex sentence is made up of ONE independent clause and at least one dependent clause. EX: Until you put more money on your account, you will have to eat a cheese sandwich at lunch. EX: Darryl looked after my dog while I was away. EX: Bring your backpack when you come to school today.

28. After Although As as if Because Before even if even though If in order to Since Though Unless Until Whatever When whenever Whether while To find a subordinate clause, start by looking for subordinating conjunctions.

29. Combining Complex Sentences • We’ll need to leave early • Since the traffic is backed up • We’ll need to leave earlysince the traffic is backed up • Since the traffic is backed up, we’ll need to leave early.

30. When there is ice on the sidewalk • She always falls down. • She always falls downwhen there is ice on the sidewalk. • When there is ice on the sidewalk, she always falls down.

31. Compound Complex Sentences • A compound complex sentence is made up of more than one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause. • Independent + Independent + Dependent EX: Although I like to go camping, I haven’t been lately, and I haven’t found anyone to go with me. EX: Even though he prefers to eat with a fork, he chooses to use chopsticks in Chinese restaurants, but they aren't easy to use. EX: Here is the money that I owe you, and I am happy to be free of debt.

32. Compound-Complex • The package arrived in the morning • The courier left • Before I could check the contents • The package arrived in the morning, butthe courier leftbefore I could check the contents.

33. Simple, Compound, or Complex? 1. My team plays tomorrow and Wednesday. • Simple

34. 2. Lynette was determined to ride the rollercoaster, so she waited in line. • Compound -coordinating conjunction “so”

35. 3. Helen and her mother always pack extra food for the trip. • Simple

36. 4. John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat. Compound Complex *coordinating conjunction = but *Subordinating conjunction = because

37. 5. Unless we find the key, we won’t be able to see what’s inside. • Complex – subordinating conjunction “unless”

38. 6. Melanie forgot her lunch, so she called her mother. Compound – Coordinating conjunction = so

39. 7. We were frightened because the ride went so fast. • Complex – subordinating conjuntion “because”

40. 8. The man in the old house across the street planted a beautiful garden in his backyard. • Simple (lots of prepositional phrases)

41. 9. Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood. Compound Complex *Semi-colon *Subordinating conjunction = before

42. 10. You can cry like a baby, or you can clean your room like an adult. Compound – coordinating conjunction: or