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Thorax

Thorax. Thoracic Wall. Thorax. The thorax is an irregularly shaped cylinder with a narrow opening ( superior thoracic aperture ) superiorly and a relatively large opening ( inferior thoracic aperture ) Inferiorly.

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Thorax

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  1. Thorax Thoracic Wall

  2. Thorax • The thorax is an irregularly shaped cylinder with a narrow opening (superior thoracic aperture) superiorly and a relatively large opening (inferior thoracic aperture) Inferiorly. • The superior thoracic aperture is open, allowing continuity with the neck; the inferior thoracic aperture is closed by the diaphragm.

  3. Thorax • Thoracic cavity • Surrounded by thoracic wall • Contains heart, lungs, thymus, distal part of trachea, and most of esophagus • Thoracic wall • Consists of skin, fascia, nerves, vessels, muscles, and bones

  4. Thoracic wall The thoracic wall consists of skeletal elements and muscles • Posteriorly, it is made up of twelve thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs • Laterally, the wall is formed by ribs (twelve on each side) and three layers of flat muscles. • Anteriorly, the sternum, which consists of the manubrium of sternum, body of sternum, and xiphoid process.

  5. Superior thoracic aperture • Completely surrounded by skeletal elements, the superior thoracic aperture consists of the body of vertebra TIposteriorly, the medial margin of rib I on each side, and the manubriumanteriorly.

  6. Inferior thoracic aperture • The inferior thoracic aperture is closed by the diaphragm, and structures passing between the abdomen and thorax pierce or pass posteriorly to the diaphragm.

  7. Ribs • Two types of classification • True ribs (1-7) • False ribs (8-10) • Floating ribs (11-12) • Typical ribs (3-9) • Atypical ribs (1,2,10,11,12)

  8. R1-7 (True Ribs) • Vertebrocostal • Attach to sternum via a costal cartilage • R8-10 (False Ribs) • Vertebrochondral • Their cartilages are joined to the cartilage of rib above and via that connection to sternum • R11-12 (Free or floating ribs) • Do not connect even indirectly with sternum but have a costal cartilage on their tips. Tips embedded in muscles

  9. Sternocostal joints

  10. Components of ribs Typical Rib (3-9)

  11. Atypical Ribs

  12. First Rib • No Angle • Shortest & flattest • Has grooves for subclavian vein and artery

  13. 2nd rib • Its main atypical feature is a rough area on its upper surface, the tuberosity for serratus anterior, from which part of that muscle originates.

  14. 10th to12th ribs • like the 1st rib, have only one facet on their heads and articulate with a single vertebra. • The 11th and 12th ribs are short and have no neck or tubercle.

  15. Thoracic Vertebrae • 12 vertebrae • Components Body: • Articulates head of rib • Heart shaped Spinous process: • Inclined downward Transverse process: • Facet for each rib at costovertebral j. Pedicle: • Connect transverse process to body Lamina: • Connect transverse process to spinous process

  16. Costovertebral joints.

  17. Sternum • Midline of anterior chest wall • flat bone • 3 parts • Manubriumsterni • Opposite T3 &T4 • Jugular notch • Body of sternum • Opposite T5-T9 • Articulates with 2nd–7th C.C • Xiphosternal joint • Xiphoid process • Flat, cartilagenous process • Unites with body of sternum after middle age • Attached to linea alba caudally

  18. Sternal Angle (Angle of Louis)

  19. Sternal Angle (Angle of Louis) • Junction between Manubrium and Body of sternum - at this level --- • The second ribs articulate with the sternum. • The aortic arch begins and ends. • The trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi at the carina. • A transverse plane can pass through the intervertebral disk between T4 and T5.

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