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Georgia High School Graduation Test

The Science Test. Georgia High School Graduation Test. GHSGT Structure & Properties of Matter Review. Bohr’s Energy Levels. In the Bohr model there were distinct energy levels where electrons could exist. 1 st energy level holds 2 electrons 2 nd energy level holds 8 electrons

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Georgia High School Graduation Test

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  1. The Science Test Georgia High School Graduation Test

  2. GHSGT Structure & Properties of Matter Review

  3. Bohr’s Energy Levels • In the Bohr model there were distinct energy levels where electrons could exist. • 1st energy level holds 2 electrons • 2nd energy level holds 8 electrons • 3rd energy level holds 8 then 18 after 4th level gets 2 electrons. What element is this? Oxygen

  4. Modern View of the Atom • The atom is mostly empty space • Two regions • Nucleus- protons and neutrons. • Electron cloud- region where you might find an electron.

  5. Charge Mass Location protons +1 1 amu nucleus neutrons Neutral 1 amu nucleus electrons -1 0 Outside nucleus in electron cloud SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.

  6. Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom of a particular element is its atomic number. Each element has a different atomic number.

  7. Atomic Mass • Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the atomic mass of an atom. • The number of protons and neutrons in an atom are the mass number of that atom.

  8. Remember to use the Periodic Table provided on the Test.

  9. 9 F Fluorine 18.998 2,7 Atomic Number Atomic Symbol Element name Atomic Mass Number of electrons per level

  10. Isotopes For any given element, all nuclei have the same number of protons, but the number of neutrons may vary. These atoms of the same element with different atomic masses are called isotopes.

  11. Lesson Review What is an electron? • Particle with a + charge • Particle with a – charge • Particle with no electrical charge • The basic building block of an element An atom of neon (Ne) has 10 protons, 10 neutrons, 10 electrons. What is the atomic mass of Ne? • 0amu c. 20 amu • 10 amu d. 30 amu

  12. SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions. • A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. • A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution. There is less of it. salt in salt water sugar in soda carbon dioxide in soda • A solvent is the dissolving medium. You have more of it. water in salt water water in sodas

  13. Dilute vs Concentrated

  14. Saturation of Solutions

  15. Conductivity of Solutions • An electrolyte is a substance whose water solution conducts electricity. • ionic compounds such as NaCl (sodium chloride • acids and bases such as HCl (hydrochloric acid) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide) • Non electrolytes are substances whose aqueous solutions do not contain ions and do not conduct an electrical current. 

  16. State Movement Proximity Shape/Volume Solid Very little; slow Tightly packed Definite shape and volume Liquid Free to move; faster Close together No definite shape; definite volume Gas Very fast Very far apart No definite shape; fills container Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.

  17. Solid Liquid Gas

  18. Plasma- the 4th state of matter • Plasmas consist of freely moving charged particles, i.e., electrons and ions. • Lightning creates a jagged column of plasma. • When an electric current is passed through neon gas, it produces both plasma and light. • Part of a comet's streaming tail is plasma from gas ionized by sunlight and other processes. • The Sun is a ball of plasma.

  19. Lesson Review Vinegar is a solution of two liquids: water & acetic acid. Most vinegar contains 95% water & 5% acetic acid. In vinegar, acetic acid is ___. • A solvent c. an element • A mixture d. solute Salad dressing often contains vinegar & oil. Shaking a bottle of dressing combines the ingredients, but afterward the vinegar & soil separate. Which term describes the salad dressing? • Solution c. heterogeneous mixture • Solute d. homogeneous mixture

  20. Types of Radioactive Decay • Alpha decay- consists of two protons and two neutrons • Beta decay-released electron • Gamma decay- high-energy photon

  21. Radiation • Alpha • Beta • Gamma

  22. Explain the process of half-life as related to radioactive decay The time it takes for half of a radioactive element to decay is its half-life.

  23. Lesson Review What type of nuclear reaction results in a single nucleus undergoing a decrease in mass number, a decrease in atomic number and the release of a helium nucleus? • Alpha decay • Beta decay • Gamma decay • Chemical reaction How much would remain after one half-life if you started with 24 grams of the substance? • 24 grams c. 12 grams • 48 grams d. 124 grams

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