Georgia High School Graduation Test Review

1. Georgia High School Graduation Test Review 1800-1865

2. Louisiana Purchase • Thomas Jefferson wanted to purchase New Orleans from France to secure trading on the Mississippi River. • Napoleon Bonaparte need money so he offered the entire territory for $15 Million • Jefferson took the offer because he believed that it was important for citizens to have access to land. • This purchase in 1803 roughly doubled the size of the United States

3. Louisiana Purchase

4. Lewis and Clarke Expedition • Even before the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis to find a water route to the Pacific. • William Clark was chosen to help. • The Corps of Discovery left St Louis in 1804 and reached the Pacific NW in 1805 • Thought to be lost, the Expedition returned to St. Louis with a wealth of info about the new territory and a claim to the Oregon Territory

5. The War of 1812 • As U.S. settlers headed west they encountered Native American resistance; many accused them of being allied with Britain. • Britain was also impressing (kidnapping) American sailors to serve in the British navy • 1812 – Congress declares war of Britain. • American hoped to gain new territory from Britain and Spain

6. War of 1812 • The British invaded and burned Washington D.C. • The U.S. won the Battle of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. • The Treaty of Ghent was signed restoring prewar boundaries- nobody actually winning anything. • Battle of New Orleans is won by Andrew Jackson – after the Peace Treaty is signed.

7. War of 1812 • The war showed that America could defend itself and its interests in North America against foreign powers • There was a surge of American patriotism and a stronger sense of national identity. • Due to its opposition to the war, the Federalist party lost its credibility and faded from importance in national politics

8. The Monroe Doctrine • With the end of the War of 1812, and only having ONE political party – the U.S. entered the Era of Good Feelings • During this period , President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine • It stated that the U.S. would not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of any independent nation in the Americas

9. Industrial Revolution • During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the western world experienced the industrial revolution. • A time when technological advances led to massive economic changes. • The use of machines began to transform manufacturing

10. Eli Whitney • 1793, he invented the cotton gin. • This allowed people to process harvested cotton much faster and made the south a “cotton kingdom” • Because of the success of the cotton gin, plantations became very dependent of slave labor

11. Eli Whitney • He introduced the idea of interchangeable parts, which transformed the economy in the North. • He used in producing muskets, but it was adapted to other industries and became of key principle behind industrial development- (assembly lines, and mass production)

12. Sectionalism • The Industrial Revolution had an unforeseen circumstance – sectionalism • It is the economic, social, cultural, and political differences that exists between different parts of the country.

13. Sectionalism • South had a plantation economy dependent on slave labor and cotton • North was dependent on factories and immigrant labor • West became a growing frontier as technology allowed small landowners and aspiring plantation masters to move west.

14. Manifest Destiny • People believed that it was God’s will for the United States to expand and possess territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean. • They viewed it as their sacred duty to conquer the West

15. War with Mexico • 1846, Disputes over the US-Mexican border led to War. • American troops marched into Mexico City and forced Mexico to surrender • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 ended the war • Treaty gave us California and the area that is now Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada

16. Gadsden Purchase • Territory purchase from Mexico for the building of the transcontinental railroad • We paid $10 Million dollars. • The acquisition of these territories all but completed the continental expansion by those who believed in Manifest Destiny

17. Gadsden Purchase & Mexican Cession

18. California • 1848, Settlers discovered gold just north of Sacramento, California. • Gold seekers came from all over the world as part of the California Gold Rush. • “49ers” increased the population rapidly • California bypasses the territory phase and applies for Statehood. • Compromise of 1850 allows California to enter the Union as a “Free” state

19. Jacksonian Democracy • A great supporter of Manifest Destiny was Andrew Jackson; a war hero – Battle of New Orleans. • Jackson was a “common man” ; unlike previous presidents who were born into priveleged class. • He represented the frontiersman and resented the “eastern elites”

20. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson backed “universal suffrage” – all white men should be able to vote, not just those who owned property. • Most states dropped the property requirement – this made America a more democratic state

21. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson instituted a policy of rewarding political supporters with government jobs – the spoils system. • This ultimately led to corruption and a call for reform • Jackson also favored laissez –faire economics – government should not interfere with business • He also favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution – federal government given only the powers listed in the Constitution

22. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson saw the Native Americans as an obstacle to be removed; under his presidency the US govt. forced Native Americans off lands wanted for white settlement. • Indian Removal Act forced the removal of civilized Indian Tribes from the Southeastern U.S. • The Indian march to Oklahoma became known as the Trail of Tears because of the large number who died along the way.

23. Social Reform Movements • Education Reform – Horace Mann believed men and women deserved access to education and this would insure a successful democracy • Temperance Movement – wanted to moderate the use of alcohol – later advocated abstinence • Abolitionist movement – immediate end to slavery

24. Women’s Rights Movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize the first women’s rights convention known as the Seneca Falls Convention. • She used this 1848 occasion to call for women’s suffrage

25. Slavery and State’s Rights • Southerner’s responded to the political struggle over slavery by advocating state’s rights • State’s rights supporters believed the federal govt. should restrict itself to powers stated in the Constitution. • All other powers are left to the states (Tenth Amendment)

26. Abolitionist Movement • Abolitionist wanted the immediate end to slavery. • William Lloyd Garrison, founder of The Liberator helped to establish the American Anti-slavery Society • Frederick Douglas, an African American abolitionist, played a key role.

27. John Brown’s Raid • 1859, a group of abolitionist led by John Brown attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. • They hoped to seize weapons for the slaves could then rise up in armed rebellion. • Colonel Robert E. Lee forced Brown’s surrender. • Brown was executed for treason, but this intensified southern hatred of the abolitionist movement.

28. Missouri Compromise • 1819, Slave states and free states were equally divided in the U.S. Senate. • Missouri applied for statehood which would give slave states an advantage. • Compromised was reached when Maine was accepted as a Free State; Missouri became a slave state. • Slavery would not be allowed north of Missouri’s southern border. • This plan was designed to maintain the balance of power in the senate.

29. The Wilmot Proviso • The U.S. gained vast territory as a result of the Mexican War. • David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot proviso: this plan banned slavery in territory gained from the Mexican war. • Congress voted down the proviso, but it exposed the serious divisions over slavery that existed in the country.

30. Compromise of 1850 • California admitted as a free state • Unorganized territory would be free • Utah and New Mexico were allowed popular sovereignty on the slavery issue • Fugitive Slave law was passed to appease southerners.

31. Kansas – Nebraska Act • Each territory would be allowed popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery. • Repealed the Missouri Compromise • Pro-slavery and anti-slavery people moved into Kansas determined to win the vote of slavery • Bleeding Kansas rebellion resulted.

32. The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom because he had been taken to a free territory. • Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right to sue because, as a slave, he was not a citizen. • It declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “property rights” with due process of the law. • It struck down the Missouri Compromise as a violation of the 5th Amendment

33. Lincoln and the Election of 1860 • The Republican party had been formed in 1854 based on limiting slavery to the southern states and not allowing slavery in the west. • Abraham Lincoln ran as their candidate in 1860; Southerners felt that he would dismantle slavery in the South. • Lincoln Wins the election and South Carolina responds by seceding from the Union.

34. Confederate States of America • After South Carolina seceded, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas followed. • 1861, Confederate States of America is created with Jefferson Davis as president. • Alexander H. Stephens, from Georgia, is chosen as vice president. • Civil war begins a few months later when the South fires upon Fort Sumter in Charleston.

35. Key Figures of the Civil War • Abraham Lincoln- U.S. president • Ulysses S. Grant – commander of western forces and then the entire Union Army in 1864. He accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomatox Courthouse • William T. Sherman – General who captured Atlanta, helping Lincoln to be reelected; He is most remembered for his March to the Sea. • Jefferson Davis – President of Confederacy • Robert E. Lee- Commander of the Northern Army of Virginia; brilliant military man but did not have the resources to win the war; Surrendered to Grant. • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – General under Lee noted for his use of geography to his advantage; dies before the war is over.

36. Battle of Antietam • Lee invaded the north after the second Battle of Bull Run; his orders are discovered by the Union forces • Lee meet the now prepared Union forces at Antietam, Maryland • The bloodiest single day of the war, halting the Confederate advance.

37. Emancipation Proclamation • The victory at Antietam gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. • This ended slavery in the Confederate states, but not the border states because Lincoln needed their loyalty. • This changed the focus of the Civil War from preserving the union to ending slavery.

38. Battle of Chancellorsville • Known as Lee’s perfect battle for the great planning and good fortune. • Lee and Stonewall Jackson defeated 70,000 Union troops with only 40,000 soldiers. • Stonewall Jackson is accidently shot by his own troops. He looses his arm and contracts pneumonia and dies.

39. Battle of Gettysburg • A key turning point in the war, the South does not invade the north and goes on the defensive. • A key turning point in the war, the South does not invade the north and goes on the defensive.

40. Vicksburg • Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last obstacle to Union control of the Mississippi River. • Grant lays siege to the City for two months • The town surrenders on July 4, but not before resorting to eating horses, mules, dogs and even rats.

41. Atlanta Campaign • Sherman began an invasion of Georgia in 1864, because of Atlanta’s importance as a railroad hub. • Sherman takes Atlanta and gives Lincoln the needed support to be reelected President in 1864 • Sherman begins his March to the Sea and arrives in Savannah on December 22 – Giving the city to Lincoln for Christmas.

42. Union Victory • Grant takes control of Union forces and begins endless confrontations against the Lee’s Army – both sides suffered huge losses, but the South could not sustain such large numbers of deaths. • Lee surrenders to Grant at Appamatox Courthouse April 9, 1865 • Five Days later, Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.