Blood Basics: Understanding the Components and Genetics of Blood

1. Blood Basics Forensic Science T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

2. What makes up our blood? • RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. • WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. • PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. • PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

3. Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. The red liquid (Blood) is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

4. Genetics of Blood Types • Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. • You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. • These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

5. Blood Types AA or AO = Type ABB or BO = Type BOO = Type OAB = Type AB There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm What are blood types?

6. Punnett Squares • AB x B0

7. How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%

8. Blood Transfusions O A B AB A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. Who can give you blood? People with TYPE Oblood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh +  Can receive + or - Rh -  Can only receive – Complete this statement: A person with Rh + blood may receive blood that is ____ or _____, while a person with Rh - blood can only receive _____ blood. Fill In Universal Donor _ + Universal Recipient _

9. Rh Factors • Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. • The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. • If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A-B+ B-AB+ AB-O+ O- http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

10. Blood Evidence • Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects. • Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon. • Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patternsthat give investigators clues to how a crime mighthave happened.

11. Online Activity: Blood Typing Game https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/gamev2/index.html- Drag the syringe to the patient’s arm (near the elbow) to draw blood and then hold it over each test tube. Use the reactions to determine the blood type. - Decide which bags of blood the patient can receive and then drag the bags of blood to the pole to give it to the patient.

12. Fish Blood Bird Blood Horse Blood Cat Blood Frog Blood Human Blood Snake Blood Dog Blood MicroscopicViews

13. Bloodstain Science Forensic Science Lab Activity T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

15. Forensic Files: Deadly Valentine • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvfPZ2LuiVI&t=977s • Deadly Valentine

16. What does the abbreviation BPA represent? Bloodstain Pattern Analysis What can an investigator learn from the analysis of a blood spatter?  Type and velocity of weapon  Number of blows  Handedness of assailant (right or left-handed)  Position and movements of the victim and assailant during and after the attack  Which wounds were inflicted first  Type of injuries  How long ago the crime was committed  Whether death was immediate or delayed Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/bloodstain-pattern-analysis1.htm How does a blood droplet form? Click the image for an animation. http://www.crimescenetwo.com/img/popup/book2p2.jpg

17. How is blood evidence detected at a crime scene? Light Source Investigators will first examine the crime scene to look for areas that may contain blood. They may use a high-intensity light or UV lights to help them find traces of blood as well as other bodily fluids that are not visible under normal lighting conditions. Blood Reagent Tests These tests, referred to as presumptive tests, are used to detect blood at crime scenes based upon the properties of hemoglobin in the blood. Further tests at the crime lab can determine if it is human blood or not. Examples: • Phenolphthaleinis a chemical that is still utilized today and is usually referred to as the Kastle-Meyer test and produces a pink color when it reacts with hemoglobin. • HemaStix is a strip that has been coated with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and will produce a green or blue-green color with the presence of hemoglobin. Kastle-Meyer Test Video HemaStix

18. Luminol Reaction Luminol This chemical is used by crime scene investigators to locate traces of blood, even if it has been cleaned or removed. Investigators spray a luminol solution is throughout the area under investigation and look for reactions with the iron present in blood, which causes a blueluminescence. One problem is that other substances also react, such as some metals, paints, cleaning products, and plant materials. Another problem is that the chemical reaction can destroy other evidence in the crime scene. Fluorescein This chemical is also capable of detecting latent or old blood, similar to luminol. It is ideal for fine stains or smears found throughout a crime scene. After the solution has been sprayed onto the substance or area suspected to contain blood, a UV light and goggles are used to detect any illuminated areas, which appear greenish-white if blood is present. It may also react to many of the same things as luminol (copper and bleach). Fluorescein Reaction in UV Light LCV or Leuco Crystal Violet, is one type of chemical process that is used for blood enhancement. Using this test helps to make the blood evidence more visible so it can be photographed and analyzed.

19. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms • Spatter – Bloodstains created from the application of force to the area where the blood originated. • Origin/Source – The place from where the blood spatter came from or originated. • Angle of Impact – The angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface. Animation • Parent Drop – The droplet from which a satellite spatter originates. • Satellite Spatters – Small drops of blood that break of from the parent spatter when the blood droplet hits a surface. • Spines – The pointed edges of a stain that radiate out from the spatter; can help determine the direction from which the blood traveled.

20. Blood Spatter Movie Types of Bloodstain Patterns • Passive Bloodstains • Patterns created from the force of gravity • Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc. Images from http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm

21. Projected Bloodstains • Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the source of the blood • Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, cast-off, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of the nose, mouth, or wound.

22. Transfer or Contact Bloodstains • These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to identify an object or body part. • A wipe pattern is created from an object moving through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created from an object leaving a bloodstain.

23. Identify the following Blood Spatter: Use the Following Key words:Low VelocityHigh VelocityTransferAriel GushMedium Velocity 1. Ariel Gush 2. Transfer 3. Medium Velocity 5. Low velocity 4 High Velocity

26. Blood Spatter Labs • You will be creating sample drop patterns using single drops and multiple drops. We will also investigate the effect of motion and the angle of impact on blood spatter. • This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the paper and not on yourself, the table, or floor. • Hold you hand as steady as possible when making the drops. Brace your wrist against the meter stick to help you. • Get your materials from your teacher – poster board, black marker, meter stick, goggles, apron and a bottle of blood. If you make a mess, clean it up immediately!

27. Activity #1-Blood Spatter: Single Droplets-use poster board • You will be creating sample drop patterns created by blood dropping from 4 different heights. • Using your poster board create a chart like the one below • To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released for trial one. It should NOT hit the meter stick. • This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the paper and not on yourself, the table, or floor. Allow the blood to dry before measuring. • Label the top of the poster board “Single Droplets. • Draw and label you poster board as shown below • Put all lab members name on back Measure in mm

28. Activity #2-Blood Spatter: Multiple Droplets-use poster board • You will be creating sample drop patterns created by three droplets landing the same location from 4 different heights. • This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the poster board and not on yourself, the table, or floor. • Label the top of the poster board “ Multiple Droplets”. • Draw and label you poster board as shown below • Put all lab members name on back • Write P= and S= smaller in the box Measure in mm

29. Activity 3: Blood in Horizontal Motion • During this lab, you will see how motion affects the size and shape of the droplets and spines. You will need a long piece of butcher paper (10ft. in length) and tape to secure it to the floor. You will also need safety goggles. • To do the lab, you will need to hold the dropper bottle upside down so that your hand is out and away from your body (waist level), but is still over the paper. • Start off walking at a SLOW WALKING RATE along the paper strip from one end to the other and GENTLY squeeze the bottle as you walk so that blood is released ONE DROP at a time. Be sure that all the drops land on your paper strip. • Repeat this procedure using a NORMAL WALKING RATE and a FAST WALKING RATE. Measure in cm • When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class.

30. Activity 3: Impact Angle of Blood vs. Bloodstain Clipboard & Paper Angle Guide • You will be creating sample drop patterns created by droplets landing at different angles from the same height. • Label 4 pieces of paper with your names and the indicate the angle for each droplet - 30o, 45o, 60o, or 90o. • Place the first piece of paper on the clip board and align the clipboard with the 30o line. Hold the bottle of blood at a height of 50 centimeters from the top of the table. • GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands on the paper. Repeat one more time at this angle. • Continue testing by dropping blood from a height of 50 centimeters at each of the other angles. Height of50 cm • When you are done, answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class.

31. Activity 3: Impact Angle of Blood vs. Bloodstain

32. Day 2 • Measurements: Now that the blood has dried. You will take your measurements.

33. Don’t measure the spines – just the diameter of the main area of the droplet. Single Drop Analysis • Now that your blood samples are dry, it’s time to do some measurements. • Use the ruler to measure the width of each droplet. If there are spines or protrusions on the drop, don’t include those in your measurement. • Record your measurements in the chart on your worksheet, find the average for each height, and answer the questions.

34. Don’t measure the spines – just the diameter of the main area of the droplet. Multiple Drop Analysis • Now that your blood samples are dry, it’s time to do some measurements. • Use the ruler to measure the diameter of each droplet. If there are spines or protrusions on the drop, don’t include those in this measurement. • Measure the diameter of the spread – greatest distance between the satellite Satellite Spatters • Record your measurements in the chart on your worksheet, find the averages, and answer the questions.

35. Angle of Impact Analysis • Now that your blood samples are dry, it’s time to do some measurements. • Use the ruler to measure the length and width of each droplet. If there are spines or protrusions on the drop, don’t include those in this measurement. • Record your measurements in the chart on your worksheet, find the averages, and answer the questions.

36. Which of the three blood droplets shown would have been created by a wound in the lower part of the leg? Explain. If you have a blood droplet as shown at left, what does it tell you? Explain. Quick Review If you find a trail of blood with droplets that are round and close together, what could this mean?