The Science of Marine Biology

1. The Science of Marine Biology Marine Biology is a general science applied to the sea Study of Marine Life Nearly all disciplines of Biology is represented

2. Oceanography – Scientific study of the physical and chemical properties of the ocean. • Geological Oceanography: Study of the Sea Floor • Chemical Oceanography – Study of waves , tides, currents, etc.

3. History of Marine Biology • Stone Age – Evidence of clam bakes , ancient Harpoons and simple fish hook have been found

4. Marine animals are used for food - evidence found in an Egyptian tomb where a puffer fish is depicted as poisonous but were not maritime people

5. Phoenicians • First accomplished Western navigators. Sailed around the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea, and Indian Ocean. • Established colonies and commerce

6. Minoans of Crete and Myocenean Greeks • They made voyages within the Mediternean Sea.

7. Homer • The Homeric poems describe events around 1200 BC and involve fairly extensive sea voyages • References to the sea and its mysteries abound in Greek mythology, particularly the Homeric poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey". • However, these two sources of ancient history mostly refer to the sea as a means of transportation and food source.

8. Homer • Greek • Born around • 8th century • B.C.

9. Aristotle • Aristotle - First marine biologist. Described marine life forms and recognized fish breath by gills.

10. Writings of Aristotle • From 384-322 BC that specific references to marine life were recorded. • Aristotle identified a variety of species including crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and fish. • He also recognized that cetaceans are mammals, and that marine vertebrates are either oviparous (producing eggs that hatch outside the body) or viviparous (producing eggs that hatch within the body).

11. DARK AGES • · Vikings explored then northern Atlantic. • · Leif Eriksson - discovered “Vinland” (North America)

12. What were the Dark Ages? Causes: • Barbarian invasion brought down the Roman Empire • Roman Empire was already in decline militarily, economically, socially, politically • 476 A.D. to 800 A.D. ( Accession of Charlemagne as a the First Holy Roman Emperor • Time of constant warfare, despotic chiefs and minor kings, migrations of entire nations.

13. Darks Ages Cont. • Much of the learning by the Romans built up • Destroyed with the libraries.

14. Erickson Voyage

15. Leif Erickson (Son of Erik the Red) • Father found the first European settlement On Greenland • Born in Iceland • He was on a return trip from Norway after being converted to Christianity and sailed off of course or searched for Vinland from an Iceland trader story of seeing the shore. • He landed 500 years before Columbus. • Never returned after spending the winter there,. • Died in Green Land • Established a Norse Settlement in Canada at the tip of New Foundland.

16. Other Travels of the Vikings

17. Leif’s Travels • He landed in Vinland by mistake, Leif was blown off course to Greenland to introduce Christianity.

18. Vikings • The Vikings Origins • Came from Scandinavia • Present day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark • Terrorized Europe • Attacked from the sea • Their ships • had high prows, so they were good in heavy seas • had shallow drafts, so they could quickly and easily pull onto shore for attack, then push back into water to get away • Typically carrying 30-50 warriors • Some Capable of holding 300 warriors • Fearsome fighters, often killing even unarmed churchmen • Settlers throughout the Atlantic • Explored far into the North Atlantic

19. Viking s Continued • Settlers throughout the Atlantic • Explored far into the North Atlantic • Established settlements on Iceland and Greenland • Explored as far as Newfoundland (LeaiEricson) • At one time, controlled part of ireland, nearly all of England, Northern France (Normandy) • Pattern typically was raid and terrorize first, settle later • End of the Viking age • Europe learned to respond quickly to Viking raids • Adoption of Christianity by the Vikings made them less hostile toward fellow Christians • Global warming about this time made Viking settlements especially prosperous

20. Arab Traders • · Arab Traders - voyaged to East Africa, South East Asia and India • ·  

23. Christopher Columbus • Rediscovered the New World 1492 • European Voyage

24. Columbus continued…. • Born: Cristo Colombo • He Convinced that traveling west will open new route to Asia. • Most European Rulers did not support him. • Finally Ferndinand and Isabella of Spain financed him. • He was a cheapskate. He promised gold to the person that first sighted land.

25. Columbus continued….. • Oct 12, 1492 Rodrigo De Triana sighted the island s of the Brahamas. Chris took the sighting and claim he saw a glimpse of it at nite. Sailor did not get the reward. • Named the Island San Salvador

26. Columbus Voyages a Disaster! • Santa Maria ran aground, left 39 men stranded • Returned to Spain without a new route to Asia , no spices/ valuable goods • 4th voyage ship rotted out below him and was stranded for a year in Jamaica.

27. Columbus Reward • King of Spain made him governor of Santo Domingo • Ruled like a ruthless King • He was replaced and arrested in Spain.

28. Ferdinand Magellan • First to sail around the world

29. Magellan • Born in Portugal • Studied Mapmaking and navigation • Financed (1590 ) King Charles V of Spain to circle the globe to prove that the earth was round. • Studied the mistakes and discoveries of Christopher Columbus with North America and Balboa with Pacific Ocean and • Panamanian Isthmus

30. Magellan cont…. • Fleet of five ships • Oct 1520 entered the Strait of Magellan • March 1522 anchored in Guam • Killed in a local war in the Philipines • Remaining crew completed the circumnavigation of the globe . Returned to Spain Sept 1522 under the guidance of Del cano.

31. James Cook

32. James Cook • English • First to make scientific observations • A full time Naturalist was on board the ships • 3 voyages explored all the oceans. • First to see the Antarctic Ice Field.. • He Landed in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti and other Pacific Islands.

33. Other Firsts Use a chronometer ( time piece) to determine his longitude and prepare accurate charts. Reshaped the European conception of the world. Collected Samples of organisms and plants Killed in a fight in Hawaii with some natives

34. Charles Darwin

35. Darwin Continued…. • Englishmen • He h ad extensive interest in the study of Barnacles • Sailed on the HMS Beagle for five years. • Proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection and Adaptation • In 1859 , he published “On the Origin of Species” • His College Professor Henslow recommended him as a Naturalist position on the Beagle. • Explain how Atolls were formed.

36. Darwin Continue…. • He collected a variety o f specimens ( birds, plants and fossils.) • He did experimentation and research experiencing botany, geology, and zoology. • The Galapagos islands were of prime interest. As was South America. • On his return , he began to develop his theory of evolution from his writings.

37. United States Exploration Voyages • United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 also known as the “Wilkes Expedition • Naturalists and Artists ( Clam diggers) • The Voyage was more of projecting American influence than scientific discovery. • Leader Charles Wilkes

38. Wilke’s Accomplishments • Charted 1,500 miles of the coast of Antarctica • Confirms Antarctica is a continent. • Mapped the coast of the Pacific Northwest of North America • Explored 280 Islands in the South Pacific • Collected 2000 unknown species • First international survey sponsored by the U.S. • Laid the foundation for gov’t funding for scientific research

39. Edward Forbes • Carried out extensive dredging of the ocean floor. • He dredged around Britain ,in the Aegean sea and the Mediterranean Sea • Accomplishments: discovered unknown organisms. • Realized that the ocean varied in depths

40. Forbes Continued….. • Britain, Germany, Scandinavia and France continued the study of the ocean floor. • This lead to the funding of the Challenger Expedition

41. Forbes • He Published two books based on his interest in the littoral zone of the oceans. • The British History of Starfishes and The British History of Mollusca.

42. Challenger Expedition

43. H.M. S. Challenger • Financially supported by the British Government. • Leader: Charles Wyville Thompson

44. Crew of the Challenger

45. Modern Oceanography began….. • 1872-1876 3.5 years • Originally organized specially to gather data on a wide range of ocean features: • temperature marine life • chemistry geology of ocean floor • currents

46. Ship Construction….. • British Navy provided the war ship. • Converted it to a lab ship with microscopes and other scientific equipment. • Naturalist : John Murray • Expedition left Portsmouth England Dec. 1872

47. Instrument and Sampling Platform

48. Challenger Laboratory

49. Lab work • Salinity and other chemical variable were measured. • James Buchanan determined that the white slime was a precipitate of calcium sulfate which is formed in alcohol . • It was a white slime that came up in bottom deposits.

50. Gas analysis equipment