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Chapter 7: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Chapter 7: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems. Stedman’s Medical Terminology, 1 st Edition. Course Objectives. Describe the location of the main cardiovascular and lymphatic structures in the body. Define terms related to the heart, the vascular system, and the lymphatic systems.

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Chapter 7: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

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  1. Chapter 7: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Stedman’s Medical Terminology, 1st Edition

  2. Course Objectives • Describe the location of the main cardiovascular and lymphatic structures in the body. • Define terms related to the heart, the vascular system, and the lymphatic systems. • Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. • Define common medical terminology related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. • Explain abbreviations used in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

  3. Anatomy and Physiology Functions of the Cardiovascular System • To transport blood throughout the body • To deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells through arteries and capillaries • To remove waste products from body cells through capillaries and veins • To pump blood through the heart with the aid of electrical conduction

  4. Anatomy and Physiology Structures of the Cardiovascular System • Heart wall has three tissue layers. • Heart has four chambers and valves. • Heart muscle and tissue are specialized. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. • Capillaries allow for exchange of gasses. • Veins return blood back to the heart.

  5. Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) The cardiovascular system

  6. Anatomy and Physiology Functions of the Lymphatic System • To return lymph from body tissues to the blood • To protect the body by filtering microorganisms and foreign particles from the lymph • To maintain the body’s internal fluid level • To absorb fats from the small intestines

  7. Anatomy and Physiology Structures of the Lymphatic System • Lymph is clear tissue fluid consisting of white blood cells and a few red blood cells. • Lymph nodes filter the lymph. • Lymph nodes are primarily concentrated in the neck, chest, armpits, and groin. • Lymph vessels transport the lymph from the body tissues to the venous system. • Lymph valves facilitate one-way transport of lymph.

  8. Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Blood and lymph flow in the cervical region

  9. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to the Heart • cardiovascular system - heart and blood vessels carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and carrying away waste • heart - muscular organ taking deoxygenated blood from the veins, pumping it to the lungs for oxygen, and returning it to the body through the arteries

  10. Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Heart and great vessels.

  11. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to the Heart • heart (cont.) • apex - the lower pointed end of the heart • septum - wall of heart tissue separating the right and left sides • atrium - upper receiving chamber of the heart; right and left • ventricle - lower pumping chamber of the heart; right and left structures

  12. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to the Heart • heart (cont.) • endocardium - inner lining of the heart • myocardium - middle muscular layer of heart tissue • epicardium - outer lining of the heart • pericardium - sac around the heart that facilitates movement of the heart as it beats • aortic valve - heart valve between the left ventricle and aorta

  13. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to the Heart • heart (cont.) • mitral valve, bicuspid valve- heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle • pulmonary valve - heart valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonaryartery • tricuspid valve - valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

  14. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to Vascular System • blood vessels - structures that carry or transport blood • artery - vessel carrying blood away from the heart • arteriole - small artery • capillary - microscopic thin-walled vessel connecting arterioles and venules where gas, nutrient, and waste exchange takes place between the blood and cells of the body

  15. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to Vascular System • blood vessels (cont.) • lumen - interior space of a vessel • venule - small vein • vein - vessel carrying blood to the heart • aorta - largest artery that begins as an arch from the left ventricle then branches and descends through the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

  16. Anatomy and Physiology Terms Related to Vascular System • blood vessels (cont.) • inferior vena cava - large vein carrying blood to the heart from the lower part ofthe body • superior vena cava - large vein carrying blood to the heart from the upper part ofthe body

  17. Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Anterior view of the coronary arteries

  18. Word Parts • Combining Forms Related to the Cardiovascular System • angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o vessel, duct • aort/o aorta • arteri/o artery • ather/o fatty paste • atri/o atrium • cardi/o heart

  19. Word Parts • Combining Forms Related to the Cardiovascular System (cont.) • coron/o circle or crown • electr/o electric, electricity • my/o muscle • phleb/o, ven/i, ven/o vein • pulmon/o lung • scler/o hard

  20. Word Parts • Combining Forms Related to the Cardiovascular System (cont.) • scler/o hard • son/o sound, sound waves • sphygm/o pulse • steth/o, thorac/o thorax, chest • thromb/o blood clot • valv/o, valvul/o valve

  21. Word Parts • Combining Forms Related to the Cardiovascular System (cont.) • varic/o swollen or twisted vein • ventricul/o ventricle • Combining Forms Related to the Lymphatic System • aden/o gland • lymph/o lymph

  22. Word Parts • Prefixes • brady- slow • de- away from, cessation, without • endo- in, within • epi- on, following • inter- between

  23. Word Parts • Prefixes (cont.) • intra- within • peri- around, surrounding • tachy- rapid, fast • tel- end • trans- across, through • tri- three

  24. Word Parts • Suffixes • -al, -ar, -ary, -ic pertaining to • -ectasia dilation, stretching • -gram record, recording • -graph instrument for recording • -graphy process of recording

  25. Word Parts • Suffixes (cont.) • -icle, -ole, -ule small • -lytic pertaining to destruction, breakdown, separation • -ium tissue, structure • -stenosis stricture, narrowing

  26. Adjectives and Other Related Terms • arteriovenous (AV) - pertaining to both arteries and veins • atrioventricular (AV) - pertaining to the atria and ventricles • cardiovascular - pertaining to the heart and blood vessels • constriction - process of narrowing or tightening of a structure • cyanotic - pertaining to a blue or purple discoloration due to deoxygenated blood

  27. Adjectives and Other Related Terms • deoxygenation - process of removing or having a lack of oxygen • diastole - the relaxation phase of the ventricles in the heartbeat cycle • ischemic - pertaining to a lack of blood flow • oxygenation - process of adding oxygen • paroxysmal - sudden

  28. Adjectives and Other Related Terms • patent - open or exposed • precordial - pertaining to the anterior left chest • sphygmic - pertaining to the pulse • stenotic - pertaining to the condition of narrowing • supraventricular - pertaining to above the ventricles

  29. Adjectives and Other Related Terms • systole - the contraction phase of the ventricles in the heartbeat cycle • thoracic - pertaining to the chest • thrombotic - pertaining to a thrombus or blood clot • varicose - pertaining to swollen or twisted veins

  30. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries • acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - chest pain and other signs and symptoms associated with cardiac ischemia • aneurysm - dilation of an artery; usually due to a weakness in the artery wall • angina pectoris - chest pain or pressure resulting from lack of blood flow to the myocardium • angiostenosis - narrowing of a blood vessel

  31. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (arrows)

  32. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • aortic stenosis - narrowing of the aortic valve opening • arteriosclerosis,arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) - hardening or loss of elasticity of the arteries • atherosclerosis - buildup of plaque or fatty paste inside arterial walls • cardiac arrest - complete, sudden cessation of cardiac activity

  33. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Stenosis of a pulmonary valve

  34. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) The progression of atherosclerosis.

  35. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart due to an increase of fluid in the pericardium • cardiomegaly - enlargement of the heart • cardiomyopathy - disease of the heart muscles • cardiopathy - any disease of the heart • cardiovalvulitis - inflammation of the valves of the heart

  36. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta causing hypertension, ventricular strain, and ischemia • congestive heart failure (CHF) - inefficiency of cardiac circulation causing edema and pulmonary congestion • coronary artery disease (CAD) - narrowing of coronary arteries causing a decrease of blood flow or ischemia to the myocardium

  37. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • coronary occlusion - blockage of a coronary vessel often leading to a myocardial infarction • embolus - vascular blockage made up of a thrombus, bacteria, air, plaque, and/or other foreign material • endocarditis - inflammation of the endocardium • hypertension - persistently elevated blood pressure • hypotension - blood pressure that is below normal

  38. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • intermittent claudication - cramping of the lower leg muscles usually caused by lack of blood flow • ischemia - lack of blood flow • mitral valve prolapse - backward movement of the mitral valve cusps allowing regurgitation • mitral valve stenosis - narrowing of the mitral valve opening usually caused by scarring from rheumatic fever

  39. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • murmur - abnormal heart sound • myocardial infarction (MI) - death of heart tissue usually due to coronary artery occlusion • myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle • occlusion - blockage or closure • pericarditis - inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart

  40. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Myocardial infarction (MI) (darkened area).

  41. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • peripheral arterial disease (PAD) - any disorder of the arteries outside of, or peripheral to, the heart • plaque - fat or lipid deposit on an arterial wall • polyarteritis - inflammation of many arteries • Raynaud disease, Raynaud syndrome - cyanosis of the fingers or toes due to vascular constriction, usually caused by cold temperatures or emotional stress

  42. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Raynaud disease as indicated by cyanosis (white areas) on the ends of the fingers.

  43. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Arteries (cont.) • rheumatic heart disease (RHD) - valvular disease resulting from rheumatic fever • stenosis - narrowing or stricture of a vessel • thrombus - blood clot

  44. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Heart Rhythm and Conduction Disorders • arrhythmia - abnormality or disturbance of heart rhythm • bradycardia - slow heart rate • dysrhythmia - defective heart rhythm • fibrillation - rapid irregular muscular contractions of the atria or ventricles

  45. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Common types of arrhythmias shown through electrocardiogram tracings.

  46. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to Heart Rhythm and Conduction Disorders (cont.) • flutter - regular muscular contractions of the atria or ventricles • palpitation - forceful or irregular heart beat felt by the patient • premature ventricular contraction (PVC) - early contraction of the ventricles • tachycardia - fast heart rate

  47. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to the Disorders of the Veins • deep venous thrombosis (DVT) - blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually of the legs or pelvic region • phlebitis - inflammation of a vein • telangiectasia - dilation of small or terminal vessels • thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein with formation of a clot • varicose vein - swollen and/or twisted veins, usually of the legs

  48. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Varicose veins

  49. Symptoms and Medical Conditions Terms Related to the Lymphatic System • edema - accumulation of excess fluid in intercellular spaces; can be caused by blockage of lymph vessels • elephantiasis - enlargement of the lower extremities due to blockage of lymph vessels commonly caused by filarial worms (filariae) • filariae- small parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes; the worms invade tissues as embryos and block lymph vessels as they grow

  50. Symptoms and Medical Conditions (cont.) Patient with advanced elephantiasis

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