The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

1. The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

2. Chapter 14Lymphatic and Immune Systems 2

3. Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic and immune systems. • Learn basic terminology, combining forms, and other word parts related to these systems. Chapter Goals

4. Identify laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations. • Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. Chapter Goals

5. Lymph: clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in system of lymph vessels throughout the body originates in blood rich in lymphocytes and monocytes flows in lymph capillaries and vessels flows through lymph nodes and lymphatic organs (liver, spleen, thymus, and nodes) absorbs lipids in the intestine Introduction

6. Lymphatic System Functions Transports proteins and fluid that have leaked, back to the bloodstream Lymphatic vessels absorb lipids from intestines and transport them to the bloodstream Lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body by mounting a cellular attack on foreign cells and organisms. Introduction

7. Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Capillaries

8. Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Capillaries

9. Blood and Lymph

10. Blood and Lymph

11. Lymph capillaries • Lymph vessels • Lymph nodes Lymphatic System Anatomy

12. Macrophages phagocytose foreign substances. • B lymphocytes(B cells) produce antibodies. • T lymphocytes(T cells) attack bacteria and foreign cells. Lymph Nodes

13. Location of Lymph Nodes

14. Location of Lymph Nodes

15. Lymph Nodes

16. Lymph Nodes

17. Spleen • Destroys old red blood cells • Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood • Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies) • Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets

18. Thymus Gland • Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth. • Makes cells immunocompetent in early life • Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens

19. Natural immunity: genetic predisposition Phagocytosis Macrophages Natural killer cells Immune System

20. Acquired immunity • Active • by contracting a disease • by vaccination • stem cell transplant Immune System

21. B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. • originate in bone marrow from stem cells • transform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigens Immune Response

22. Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and attack antigens. • Other T cells secrete interferons and interleukins that help cells respond to antigens. • Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells. • Suppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells. Immune Response

23. Dendric cells are a macrophage derived from monocytes. • They recognize and digest foreign antigens. • They present antigens on surface to stimulate B and T cells. • They transfer immunity by exposing dendritic cells in culture; then transfuse them and get them to stimulate T and B cells. Dendritic Cells

24. Vaccines: killed tumor cells that produce cytokines that enhance the immune response • Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside body and reinfused • Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells • Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment) Immunotherapy Examples

25. Lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies? • dendritic cell • helper T cell • B cell • cytotoxic T cell QUICK QUIZ:

26. 2. Which is the formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen? • cell-mediated immunity • acquired immunity • natural immunity QUICK QUIZ:

27. COMBINING FORMS • immun/o protection • lymph/o lymph • lymphaden/o lymph node • splen/o spleen • thym/o thymus gland • tox/o poison Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology Combining Form Meaning

28. PREFIXES • ana- again, anew • inter- between Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology Prefix Meaning

29. Immunodeficiency • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells) • opportunistic infections • malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome) Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

30. Opportunistic Infections with AIDS • Candidiasis • Cryptococcus (Crypto) • Cryptosporidiosis • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection • Herpes simplex • Histoplasmosis (Histo) • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) • Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) • Tuberculosis (TB)

31. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) inhibit viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase. • Protease inhibitors inhibit viral proteolytic enzyme. • Combiniation of RTI and Protease inhibitors is HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy). Drugs to Treat AIDS

32. Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen • Ranges from • allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis • Other allergies: • atopic dermatitis • asthma • urticaria (hives) Hypersensitivity

33. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue • Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell) • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma) • Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells • Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus Malignancies

34. Staging of Hodgkin Disease

35. 3. What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS? • anaphylaxis • non-Hodgkin lymphoma • Kaposi sarcoma • Hodgkin disease QUICK QUIZ:

36. CD4+ cell count: measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS ELISA test: detects anti-HIV antibodies; Western blot given as follow-up Immunoelectrophoresis: separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD) Laboratory Tests

37. Computed tomography (CT) scan: X-ray imaging in the transverse plane produces cross-sectional views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Clinical Procedure

38. COMBINING FORMS axill/o ___________ cervic/o ___________ immun/o ___________ inguin/o ___________ lymph/o ___________ lymphaden/o ___________ Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning

39. COMBINING FORMS axill/o armpit cervic/o neck; cervix (neck of uterus) immun/o immune; protection; safe inguin/o groin lymph/o lymph lymphaden/o lymph gland (node) Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning

40. COMBINING FORMS splen/o ___________ thym/o ___________ tox/o ___________ Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning

41. COMBINING FORMS splen/o spleen thym/o thymus gland tox/o poison Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning

42. SUFFIXES -cytosis ___________ -edema ___________ -globulin ___________ -megaly ___________ -oid ___________ -pathy ___________ Review Sheet Suffix Meaning

43. SUFFIXES -cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers -edema swelling -globulin protein -megaly enlargement -oid resembling -pathy disease; emotion Review Sheet Suffix Meaning

44. SUFFIXES -penia ___________ -phylaxis ___________ -poiesis ___________ -stitial ___________ -suppression ___________ Review Sheet Suffix Meaning

45. SUFFIXES -penia deficiency -phylaxis protection -poiesis formation -stitial to set; pertaining to standing or positioned -suppression to stop Review Sheet Suffix Meaning

46. PREFIXES • ana- ___________ • auto- ___________ • hyper- ___________ • inter- ___________ • retro- ___________ Review Sheet Prefix Meaning

47. PREFIXES • ana- up; apart; backward; again; anew • auto- self; own • hyper- above; excessive • inter- between • retro- behind; back; backward Review Sheet Prefix Meaning

48. 4. What is the name of the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body? atopy lymphadema interstitial lymphopoiesis QUICK QUIZ:

49. 5. Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes… HIV Kaposi sarcoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin disease QUICK QUIZ: