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The Computer System

The Computer System. “The Box”. Computer Case. Usually called the chassis Metal and plastic box that houses the main components of the computer Protects the inner components of the system. Computer Case. Two Basic Designs:

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The Computer System

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  1. The Computer System “The Box”

  2. Computer Case • Usually called the chassis • Metal and plastic box that houses the main components of the computer • Protects the inner components of the system

  3. Computer Case • Two Basic Designs: • Desktop Case – designed to rest horizontally to provide more space for the user • Tower Case – designed to stand vertically to provide more space for internal devices

  4. Desktop Case Tower Case

  5. Computer Case • Basic Components • Chassis • System Case • Power Switch • Reset Button • Hard Disk Activity Light • Drive Bays

  6. Power Supply • Provides the necessary electrical power to make the computer operate • Takes the AC power and converts it into 12 volts, 5 volts and 3.3 volts of DC power

  7. Power Supply • It has one set of connectors for the motherboard and a number of other connectors for other components. • Types of Power Supply for Desktops: • AT (Advanced Technology) • ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)

  8. Central Processing Unit • Known as the Microprocessor • The CPU is the 'brain' of the computer • Types of CPU (c/o Intel and AMD): • Power CPU – Pentium Series and Athlon XP • Budget CPU – Celeron Series and Duron/Sempron

  9. Central Processing Unit • Packaging • DIP (Dual In-line Package) • LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) • PGA (Pin-Grid Array)

  10. DIP LCC PGA

  11. Central Processing Unit • Cost • LCCs and PGAs are more expensive • Size • DIP packages are the largest • Electrical Characteristics • Board Mounting • Package Material – Plastic or Ceramic • Thermal Characteristics

  12. Motherboard • Also referred to as the system board or main board • It is the main PCB • It connects directly or indirectly every other part of the computer

  13. Motherboard – Basic Parts • Copper circuit paths are called traces • CPU Socket/Slot – it is where the CPU goes • Power Connector – connection between the motherboard and the power supply

  14. Motherboard – Basic Parts • PCI Slot (Peripheral Component Interconnect) • ISA Slot (Industry Standard Architecture) • Allow different expansion cards to be connected inside a computer

  15. Motherboard – Basic Parts • ISA • Introduced in the IBM PC in 1982 • Operating speed : 8 MHz • Maximum data rate : 8 MBps • PCI • Introduce in 1992 • Operating speed : 33 or 66 MHz • Maximum data rate : 132 MBps

  16. Motherboard – Basic Parts • AGP Slot (Accelerated Graphics Port) • Used for graphics cards that run off the AGP bus

  17. Motherboard – Basic Parts • Memory Slot/Bank • Slot allotted for the memory device (DIMM or RIMM)

  18. Motherboard – Basic Parts • FDD Controller (Floppy Disk Drive) • Interfaces your floppy disk drive to the rest of the system

  19. Motherboard – Basic Parts • HDD Controller (Hard Disk Drive) • Interfaces your hard disk drive to the rest of the system

  20. Motherboard – Basic Parts • USB Controller (Universal Serial Bus) • Interfaces your USB to the rest of the system

  21. Motherboard – Basic Parts • CMOS RAM (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) • On-board semi conductor chip powered by a CMOS battery that stores information such as the system time and system setting

  22. Motherboard – Basic Parts • CMOS Battery • Most common type of battery is the coin cell battery (lithium battery) • Lifetime: about 10 years

  23. Motherboard – Basic Parts • Northbridge Chipset • Communicates with the CPU and controls interaction with memory, PCI bus, L2 cache, and all AGP activities

  24. Motherboard – Basic Parts • Southbridge Chipset • Manages the basic forms of I/O such as USB, serial, audio, and IDE I/O in the computer

  25. Motherboard – Basic Parts • Jumpers • Pair of prongs that are electrical contact points set into the computer motherboard or other devices • Acts as a switch by closing (or opening) an electrical circuit

  26. Motherboard – Basic Parts • Back Panel • Keyboard and Mouse Port • USB Port • Serial Port (COM1 and COM2) • Parallel Port (LPT1) • On-board Sound (Mic, Line in, Line out) • On-board Video • On-board LAN • Game Port

  27. Hard Disk Drive • Main storage components ins the computer system • Stores data permanently, unless formatted or damaged • It is used to install or store all your programs and files

  28. Hard Disk Drive - Structure • Platters – can store information on both sides • Platters are divided into circular rings called Tracks • Each Track is divided into Sectors • One sector holds 512 bytes of data

  29. Hard Disk Drive - Structure • Stacking of Tracks on the Platters produces a Cylinder • The Read/Write Heads move together over the surface of the Platters when reading or writing.

  30. Hard Disk Drive - Structure • Actuator – a mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system • IDE Controller • Jumper Block • Power Connector

  31. Hard Disk Drive - Capacity • Disk surfaces or sides • Sectors for each track • Tracks per surface or side • Amount of data for each sector

  32. Hard Disk Drive - Speed • Affects the loading time of the programs that are used • Data encoding • Rotational Speed – RPM (Revolutions Per Minute)

  33. Hard Disk Drive - Speed • Speed of R/W heads – Access Time and Seek Time • Speed of data movement between the CPU and the drive –Transfer Time

  34. Hard Disk Drive - Storage • First cylinder of the HDD is reserved for the operating system files such as the FAT (File Allocation Table) and the Boot Record • The rest of the disk surface can be used for other program installation and file allocation

  35. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • ST-506 (Shugart Technology) • Seagate Technology • Oldest interface • Data transfer rate – 5 Mbps • Analog Interface • Ribbon Cable

  36. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • ESDI (Enhanced Small Disk Interface) • Maxtor Corporation • Data transfer rate – 20 Mbps • Digital interface • Ribbon Cable

  37. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) • ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) • Serial ATA and Parallel ATA • Plugs into a bus connector into the motherboard

  38. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) • Improvement over the IDE • Drive Capacity • Faster Transfer Rate • Secondary Two-Device Channel • ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Package Interface) support

  39. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • UDMA (Ultra Direct Memory Access) • Increased the data path to the computer HD and doubled the transfer rate from 16.6 to 33 MBps • Requirements to use UDMA • Motherboard support • Compatible BIOS • Driver for OS • Compatible hard drive

  40. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • UDMA Transfer speeds • UDMA 33/66/100/133 • Motherboard support and 80-wire 40-pin cable is used

  41. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) • Pronounced as “scuzzy” • Not an interface but a standard most commonly used on hard disks • Have very high disc rotation speeds

  42. Hard Disk Drive - Interfaces • Disk Rotation Speeds • 5400 RPM – first hard drive speeds • 7200 RPM – common speed for hard drives today • 10000 RPM to 15000 RPM – used on high end systems (SCSI)

  43. Memory Devices • Portion of a computer system that is used for storage and subsequent retrieval of data and instructions • Technically any form of electrical storage • Refers to the device or circuit that stores digital information

  44. Memory Devices • Two Categories • Read/Write Memory Devices (RAM) • Read-only Memory Devices (ROM)

  45. Memory Devices • Speed • Density • Power Dissipation • Component Cost • Reliability • Compatibility • Organization

  46. Memory Devices – RAM • Random-Access Memory • Memory device that allows both read and write operations • DRAM and SRAM • SIMM, DIMM, and RIMM

  47. Memory Devices – DRAM • Dynamic Random Access Memory • Has high capacities • Relatively modest power requirements • Usually organized for storing single bit per location, which is referred to as the x1 (times one) organization. (ex. 64K x 1 DRAM, 128 x 1 DRAM)

  48. Memory Devices – SRAM • Static Random Access Memory • No refresh necessary • Simplified timing requirements • Higher speeds in general • Used for designing nonvolatile Memories

  49. Memory Devices • Other DRAM Devices • FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode) • EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out) • SDRAM (Synchronous) • DDR RAM (Double Data Read) • R DRAM (Rambus)

  50. Memory Devices - ROM • Holds permanent data or software (firmware) • ROMs are nonvolatile – contents does not change or not lost even when power is lost

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