The Finale of the Grand Review: 1870 to the Present

1. The Finale of the Grand Review: 1870 to the Present SECTION I: 1870 – 1918 A. AGE OF OPTIMISM 1. Material Base: great wealth – world domination – reform and democratic movements – industrial growth – science and technological superiority 2. Non-material Base: national consciousness – ideals of democracy – art and literature B. AGE OF OMENS 1. Alliances: prepared for confrontation – alliances, competition, and militarism make confrontation inevitable 2. Imperialism: customary use of force – competition – superiority complex – nationalistic pride 3. Militarism: preparedness for war – arms race – large reservoir of trained troops – naval competition – new developments in weaponry

2. AGE OF OMENS cont… 4. Industrialism: profit from arms race – competition – fear of being 2nd – need for war to detract from the growth of socialism – need to insure markets and resources 5. Nationalism: exaggerated love for country – implied hatred of other nations – competition – desire for national self-determination especially among the Slavs C. MAJOR WARS 1. Crimean War 2. Seven Weeks’ War 3. Franco-Prussian War 4. Russo-Turkish War 5. Zulu wars 6. Russo-Japanese War 7. Balkan wars (to name just a few!) D. CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM 1. Economic: need for new markets – Second Industrial Revolution 2. Political: need for international prestige 3. Social: “White Man’s Burden” – resettle surplus population ie… Australia

3. D. CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM cont… 4. Defense: need for strategic naval and coaling stations around the world 5. Nationalism: prestige – desire to curtail others from taking lands E. IMPERIALISM AT WORK 1. China: extraterritoriality 2. Africa: outright annexation 3. Latin America: economic control 4. Ottoman Empire: political manipulation F. TERMS: 1. Revisionist Marxism: adapting Marx’s ideas to existing political structures – e.g. forming political parties and shifting from ballots to bullets 2. Social Darwinism: using Darwin’s ideas to justify European domination 3. Second Industrial Revolution & Corporate growth: consolidation of companies into corporations – dominance of finance capitalism – truly urban society.

4. F. TERMS: cont… 4. Freud: founder of psychoanalysis – emphasized sexual instincts – attempted to apply scientific basis to the operation of the human mind – personal guilt was replaced 5. Jung: disciple and co-worker with Freud – believed religious as well as sexual instincts had a dominating impact on the human mind 6. Einstein: developed the theory of relativity G. WORLD WAR I: 1. CAUSES: alliance systems – imperialism – militarism – nationalism – industrialism – in summer of 1914, unreasonable militaristic forces outmaneuvered traditional diplomacy 2. CHART ON RESULTS OF WWI: Political: England’s empire enlarged – France’s empire enlarged – Germany lost territory as did Russia – U.S.A. returns to isolationism Economic: England never recovered – France is driven into bankruptcy – Germany into economic chaos and saddled with huge war debt (reparations) – Russia becomes a Communist society – U.S.A. creditor and money center of the world

5. CHART ON RESULTS OF WWI: cont… Social: England, tremendous class tension – France, a republic finally gained acceptance – Germany, end of monarchy & the Weimar Republic discredited from the beginning for signing the Versailles Treaty – Russia, end of monarchy, attempt to solve multi-nationality problem with the creation of the Soviet Union – U.S.A. disillusioned with war and rejection of the League of Nations SECTION II: 1918 – 1945 A. Russian Revolution: 1. Nature of Tsarist regime: harsh – incompetent – preposterous – out of touch with their people and the times 2. Revolution of 1905: popular uprising against government – Bloody Sunday revealed the true nature of the Tsar’s regime – did not succeed because army remained loyal to tsar and tsar promised constitutional reforms 3. Stolypin reforms: attempt to place private property in peasants’ hands – liberal attempt to bolster tsarist regime

6. A. Russian Revolution: cont… 4.February/March Revolution, 1917:chaos in the capital (Moscow) – collapse of Romanov rule 5. Establishment of Bolshevik power: Lenin’s return to Russia – Kornolov affair – October/November Revolution – Cheka – Red Army success in civil war over White Army – NEP New Economic Policy – attack on the Church B. Early Soviet Union: 1. New Economic Policy: failure of war, Communism led to accommodation with capitalism – economy revives to prewar level by 1926 2. Soviet attitude toward Church: confrontation between traditional Christianity and atheism – Marxists thesis that religion was the “opiate of the masses” – traditional alliance between Church and Romanov autocracy 3. Stalin and Totalitarianism: elimination of Trotsky – Five-Year Plans – collectivization of agriculture – purge trials

7. B. Early Soviet Union: cont… 4. Lenin’s alteration of Marxism: need for elite party to effect Communist revolution 5. Stalin’s alteration of Leninism: exclusive control by an individual over the party – cult of personality C. Totalitarianism: 1. Definition: complete domination of all aspects of human life by the state – not merely the political – meant to be a permanent societal phenomenon rather than an emergency measure 2. Totalitarianism of the Right: Hitler’s Germany stressing a vertical nationalistic society 3. Totalitarianism of the Left: Stalin’s Soviet Union stressing a worldwide classless society Results were the same!! D. Collapse of Democracies, 1919 – 1939: Some collapsed from lack of tradition, i.e.. Eastern Europe, others collapsed because of economic strains from WWI and the Great Depression

8. E. Collapse of German democracy and rise of Nazism: No tradition of democracy – war guilt clause – war reparations – inflation – ineffectiveness of Weimar Republic – economic crash of 1929 – intense revival of nationalism – need for protection from outside F. Vienna – Versailles – Yalta (A Comparison): Vienna was a negotiated peace treaty whereas Versailles and Yalta agreements were dictated terms of peace – according to Versailles and Yalta, losers werecriminals whereas Vienna saw the vanquished as part of the traditional fabric of European society. G. TERMS: 1. League of Nations: collective security plan for resolving international problems 2. Rapallo: nations gathered to discuss armaments and their distribution and made agreements on Italian-Yugoslav border. 3. Locarno: agreements on reduction weapons and recognition of borders by Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg 4. Dawes Plan: U.S. proposal for economic restructuring of Germany 5. Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war

9. G. TERMS: cont… 6. Popular Fronts: coalitions of Left and Center against Right, especially in France and to a lesser degree in Spain. 7. Third Reich: Hitler’s Germany, 1933 – 1945 8. Francisco Franco: Right-wing victor of Spanish Civil War – established a fascist regime 9. Anschluss: unification of Germany and Austria 10. Munich Conference: last Allied effort to appease Hitler 11. Anti-Comintern Pact: German-Italian-Japanese alliance – (anti-Communist pact) 12. Nazi-Soviet Pact: ten-year nonaggression pact between the Soviet Union and Germany 13. Atlantic Charter: basis for postwar world order based to some extent of Wilson’s Fourteen Points 14. Pearl Harbor: aggressive Japanese surprise attack that facilitated U.S. entry into World War II – most experts agree that the attack was facilitated by the U.S. decision to deny Japan oil exports 15. Stalingrad: Soviet victory over Nazis that led to myth of Soviet invincibility – turned war in favor of allies

10. G. TERMS: cont… 16. D-Day: allies penetrated Fortress Europe – allied invasion force into German held territory in France 17. Yalta: design for conclusion of war – plan for Soviet entry into war in Far East after conclusion of the European phase of the WWII – proposals for postwar political adjustments 18. San Francisco Conference: formation of United Nations – another effort in the same mold as the League of Nations 19. Potsdam: final solution of the European borders and promises of postwar elections 20. Nuremberg Trials: trial of German political, civil, and military leaders for war crimes

11. SECTION III: 1945 – PRESENT: A. POST WWII IN EUROPE: 1. COLD WAR: Allied powers made up of Left and Center had succeeded in eliminating the Right (Nazi Germany and Japan) but now came apart – will be basically the Soviet Bloc versus the U.S. & allies 2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE: U.S. military aid to oppose the spread of Communism in Greece and Turkey – ends U.S. peacetime isolation 3. MARSHALL PLAN: U.S. economic aid to combat spread of Communism in Western Europe 4. COMMINFORM: Soviet Union’s active promotion of Communist regimes around the world 5. N.A.T.O.: U.S. & allies military response to aggressive Soviet moves 6. WARSAW PACT: military alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern European states to offset the influence of NATO 7. Problem of Divided Germany: isolation of West Berlin with no land communication with the rest of Germany

12. B. POST WWII THE NON-WESTERN WORLD: 1. CHINA: Communist takeover in 1949 2. KOREA: Communist North Korean invasion of the South in 1950 – led to first sizable military action between the Left and Center 3. JAPAN: enforced Western style democracy prevented Russian participation and influence 4. INDIA: partition of India and Pakistan – growth of socialism and military dictatorships – achieved self-determination from British Empire 5. MIDDLE EAST: endless Arab-Israeli tension – establishment of Israel rejected by the Islamic world 6. VIET NAM: end of French colonialism – Communist involvement draws the U.S. into Viet Nam to intervene 7. AFRICA: decolonization – continued great problems C. TERMS: 1. Holocaust: German annihilation of European Jews 2. European Common Market: creation of European economic utility 3. Vatican Council II: Roman Catholic dialogue with world – reforms end

13. C. TERMS: 4. Pope John XXIII: proposed spirit of openness and accommodation while urging peace on earth 5. Existentialism: philosophy that holds that human experience is the only reality 6. SALT Treaties: attempts made by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) to limit strategic arms (nuclear weapons) 7. Détente: gradual relaxation of Cold War 8. Glasnost: new openness in Soviet Union under Gorbachev 9. Perestroika: Gorbachev’s attempt at restructuring Soviet Communism 10. Communist world, 1989: Gorbachev’s ideas spread, and Communist regimes were challenged – and then began to crumble – culminates with the symbolic tearing down of the Berlin Wall