Leftovers for the EOC

1. Leftovers for the EOC 2014

2. Age Structure Diagram • An Age Structure Diagram shows the number of males and females in each age group of a population . • The diagram can help predict how fast a population is growing (fast, slow, or not at all). • It is divided up by sex with males on the left and females on the right.

3. Male Female Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+ Population Age StructureDiagram Most groups have about the same # of people = No growth Many young people that will soon reproduce

4. Demographic Transition • Demographic transition describes the change in a country from one with high birth rates to low birth rates. As a country develops and becomes industrialized people become more concerned with education, material possessions, etc. instead of having a huge family. • Countries that have gone through this transition and have a fairly stable population size are: the US, Great Britain, and Japan. • Countries such as China and India are still growing rapidly in population numbers.

5. The Greenhouse Effect • The greenhouse effect is the NATURAL heating of the Earth…it is a good thing! • The Earth’s atmosphere traps water vapor, oxygen, and heat so that life survive on the planet.

6. Global Warming • Humans burn fossil fuels (gas, oil, etc) in cars and in factories and this causes lots of CO2 to be released in the atmosphere. • When released into the atmosphere CO2 traps heat causing the Earth to heat up too much (unnatural heating). This can change the climate and alter the areas where plants and animal can live.

7. Ozone Layer • The ozone layer is a protective layer around the planet that protects the planet from harmful UV rays (which can cause sunburns, skin cancer, etc). • Chemicals called CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) have been used in aerosol spray bottles (hairspray, spray paint, etc.) and those have damaged the ozone layer allowing more harmful rays to reach Earth’s surface.

8. Invasive Species • Invasive Species are organisms that are non-native (that means they do not usually live in an area). They are usually introduced to a new area by humans accidentally (on the bottom of a ship – like the zebra mussel, or on purpose – like kudzu – it was introduced to control erosion. • The problem is they don’t have a natural predator in the new area they are brought to and they can then grow out of control – killing off native species (those that traditionally live in an area).

9. Invasive Species Kudzu overgrowth in Georgia – It is growing over and killing other plant species. Zebra Mussel overgrowth in Lake Michigan

10. Cycles of Matter • Matter (things such as water, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous) does not get used up in ecosystems. • It gets recycled and re-used. It is passed from one organism to another continuously.

11. In the Nitrogen Cycle, bacteria can capture nitrogen from the air and fix it in a form that plants can use. Plants use the nitrogen to make amino acids. They get eaten by organisms and then they excrete it (pee or pooped out) or they release the nitrogen as they decompose after death. The nitrogen is picked up by other denitrifying bacteria and is often put back into the atmosphere. Where algae or other nitrogen fixing bacteria pick it up and turn it into proteins.

12. In the Water Cycle, water evaporates from the ocean, lakes, etc. and it goes into the atmosphere. The water vapor condenses into precipitation in the atmosphere. Then, it rains down to the land where it either runs off into another body of water or is absorbed into the soil. In the soil, plants absorb it to use in life processes, and then other organisms consume the plants and possibly excrete the water out where it then enters a septic system and returns to the ground water supply.

13. In the Carbon Cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants, which are then eaten by consumers, which give off carbon dioxide. Humans also burn fossil fuels which releases excess carbon causing global warming.

14. Adaptations of UnicellularOrganisms:Contractile VacuolesCiliaFlagellaPseudopodsEyespots

15. Contractile Vacuole • Vacuoles store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. • In unicellular organisms like paramecium, they contain a vacuole called a contractile vacuole. • By contracting rhythmically, this specialized vacuole pumps excess water out of the cell. • This allows the cell to maintain homeostasis or balance.

16. Cilia • Ciliates, like the paramecium, use hairlike projections called cilia for feeding and movment. • Cilia propel them through the water. • They also line the organism’s gullet and move its food to the organisms interior. • The food particles are engulfed, forming food vacuoles. • The contractile vacuoles collect & remove excess water, which helps to achieve homeostasis.

17. Flagella • Some prokaryotic cells use flagella to propel themselves. • Flagella are whiplike structures that are used for movement. • Some eukaryotic cells have flagella as well. • Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. • Choanocytes use flagella to move water through pores in the wall of the sponge and out through the osculum. • As water moves through the sponge, food particles are filtered from the water, and wastes are removed from the sponge.

18. Pseudopods • Some eukaryotic organisms move by temporary cytoplasmic projections called pseudopods. • Pseudopods are used for feeding and movement. • An ameoba is a type of organism that uses pseudopods. • These can also be called “false feet.” • The amoeba moves by first extending a pseudopod away from its body. • The cytoplasm then streams into the pseudopod. • This is a slow but effective way to move from place to place.

19. Eyespots • Plantlike protists, like algae, possess a structure called an eyespot. • This is used to help the algae find sunlight to power the process of photosynthesis. • Flatworms have an eyespot that can detect changes in the amount of light in their environment.

20. Don’t stay up too late studying! You are going to do great!!!  Goodnight!!!! Mrs. Mabe