Pure Salmon Campaign

1. Pure Salmon Campaign • Clean the Wastes • - Closed containment technology • Clean the Feed • - Decontamination technology

2. The Feed Problem • Depleted Fish Meal/Fish Oil • Environmental Issues • Sustainability (MSC certified????) • Contaminated Fish Meal/Fish Oil • Food Safety Issues • Decontamination?

3. You Are What You Eat • Feed (Fish Meal and Fish Oil) • Contaminants (Dioxins, PCBs, DDT, Dieldrin, Toxaphene, Cadmium etc) • Decontamination Strategies/Solutions? • Vegetables (Wheat, seaweed, canola etc) • GM Soya and Maize • Krill • Land Animal Protein (Chicken feathers, bloodmeal, pig products)

4. Contaminants in Fish Feed • PCBs and DDE (Mac: 1979) • Toxaphene (Oetjen, K and Karl: 1998) • Dioxins etc (Jacobs: 2002) • Dioxins and PCBs (Easton: 2002) • Chlordane, Dieldrin etc (Hites: 2004) • PCBs (Hellou: 2005) • Cadmium (WTO: 2005, Bethune: 2006)

5. Contaminants in Farmed Salmon • Scottish (Jacobs: 2002) • Canadian (Easton: 2002) • Irish (Gruemping et al: 2004) • Norwegian, Faroese, Scottish, Chilean and Canadian (Hites et al: 2004) • Norwegian (‘Organic’), Irish (‘Organic’), US, Scottish and Canadian (Shaw et al 2006) • Irish (Food Safety Authority Ireland: 2007)

6. Science study (Hites et al: 2004) • Farmed salmon have significantly greater levels of organochlorine compounds than do wild salmon, and the source appears to be the fish food. Farmed salmon from Northern Europe have significantly higher levels than those from North America which, in turn, are higher than those from South America.

7. Shaw et al (2006)

8. Food Safety Authority Ireland (2007) • Farmed salmon the most contaminated (70% higher than wild salmon) • The higher PBDE concentrations observed in farmed Atlantic salmon versus wild Atlantic salmon may in part be attributable to differences in feed regime and sources. • These figures indicate a general reduction in dioxin and dl-PCB contamination in Irish farmed salmon, which may in part be attributable to source-directed measures adopted by the industry in the intervening period, such as changes in sources or species of fish oils in fish feeds or changes in feeding management regimes, amongst other possibilities.

9. Decontamination Strategies • Sourcing • Screening • Cleaning • Washing • Substituting

10. Removing/Avoiding • Screening/Monitoring • Sourcing from Cleaner Areas (Northern waters are 8X more contaminated than South) • Cleaning Fish Oil • Cleaning Fish Meal

11. Adding/Substituting • Vegetable protein (e.g. seaweed) • GM soya and GM maize (e.g. Monsanto) • GM technology (e.g. Dupont) • Land Animal Protein (e.g. chicken feathers, pig fats, blood etc – Skretting and EWOS research)

12. Vegetable Substitution • Scotland • (Bell, G et al 2005) Replacement  of marine fish oils with vegetable oils in feeds for farmed salmon. Lipid  Technology 17: 7-11) • Norway • (Berntssen, M.H.G et al 2005) Reducing the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCB's in farmed Atlantic salmon by dietary substitution of fish oils with vegetable oils; a life cycle study. Aqua. Nutr. 11, 219-232. • Canada • (Higgs, G et al 2006??????)

13. Decontamination Research • Skretting • Field trials in Scotland • EWOS • Research in Scotland and Norway • Biomar • Research in Norway • Mattilsynet (Norwegian Food Safety Authority)/NIFES and Norwegian Fish Farmers Association (FHL) • FORM and AQUAMAX (EU-funded research) in Norway, Scotland and other European countries • "Aquaculture and food safety: with special focus on dioxins and other potentially hazardous contaminants"

14. EWOS • Monitoring - Feed companies are carrying out a monitoring program, determining the concentrations of PCBs in the feed and the raw materials. • Raw Material Choices - Research is being carried out by the feed companies into alternative raw materials, especially those of plant origins, which are extremely low in PCB contaminants. • Wild Fishery Monitoring - Fish oil and meal producers are carrying out research into the concentrations of contaminants in their traditional fisheries. • Raw Material Cleaning – This work is ongoing, but has been shown to have the ability to reduce some contaminants. Methods for removing more of the oils from the fish meal are also being investigated. The oil free fish meal will be of much lower PCB concentration as the contaminants are in the oils.

15. Decontamination Technology • De Smet (Belgium/United States) • Pronova (Norway) • Fiskeriforskning (Norway) • UIC GmbH (Germany) • FF/TripleNine (Denmark) • Omega (United States)

16. UIC GmbH • Short Path Distillation in the Fish Oil Industry • Picture of Aage Oterhals’ “washing machine”

17. UIC GmbH • Short Path Distillation in the Fish Oil Industry • Picture of Aage Oterhals’ “washing machine”

18. De Smet – Reflex Extractor

19. De Smet – 800 MTD Multistock

20. De Smet – LM Small Extractor

21. Pronova • Picture

22. Lab scale experimentOil from farmed salmon (Pronova)

23. Conclusion – Clean the Feed • The Pure Salmon Campaign believes that the salmon farming industry must adopt technology not only to treat waste discharges but also to clean contaminated feed. • Consumers may have to pay a little more but it is a price worth paying for Pure Salmon.