Chemistry and proteins

Chemistry and proteins Vladyka Petr

Protein synthesis • Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein synthesis. • It consists of a series of nucleotides, each containing one of four nitrogenous bases, Uracil, Cytosine, Adenine, and Guanine. • The sequence of nucleotides in a strand of mRNA specifies the sequenceaminoacids in the proteins. Series of three nucleotides specifies one amino acid. • This chart identifies each amino acid by its three-letter codon(s). For example, G under the "first letter" column, C under the "second letter" column, and A under the "third letter" column intersect at alanine, the amino acid specified by the sequence GCA. Most amino acids are identified by more than one codon (for instance, GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG all encode alanine).

Genetic Code

TRYPTOPHAN (Essential Amino Acid) • A natural relaxant, helps alleviate insomnia • anxiety & depression; • migraine headaches; • helps the immune system; • helps reduce the risk of artery & heart spasms; • works with Lysine in reducing cholesterol levels.

LYSINE (Essential Amino Acid) • absorption of calcium; • helps form collagen ( which makes up bone cartilage & connective tissues); • aids in the production of antibodies, hormones & enzymes. • Recent studies have shown that Lysine may be effective against herpes by improving the balance of nutrients that reduce viral growth. • A deficiency may result in tiredness, inability to concentrate, irritability, bloodshot eyes, retarded growth, hair loss ,anemia & reproductive problems For Cold Sores!!!

METHIONINE (Essential Amino Acid) • supplier of sulfur which prevents disorders of the hair, skin and nails; • helps lower cholesterol levels by increasing the liver's production of lecithin; • reduces liver fat and protects the kidneys; • reduces bladder irritation;

Primary Structure of a Protein • The primary structure of a protein is amino acid sequence, formed when a peptide bond joins the carboxyl group (one Carbon atom, two Oxygen atoms, and a Hydrogen atom) of one amino acid to the amino group (N) of another. A long chain forms from many amino acids, with one molecule of water given off with the formation of each peptide "link."

Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure of a ProteinInteractions between the molecules that make up a protein cause the coiled polypeptide chain (left) to fold into a three-dimensional structure (center) which may join others to form a large, complex protein (right).

Two of eight calves cloned from cells obtained from one adult cow at Kinki University in Nara, Japan. (1998.)

How are genes linked to disease? • Many, if not most, diseases have their roots in our genes. • Genes - through the proteins they encode - determine how efficiently we process foods, how effectively we detoxify poisons, and how we respond to infections. • More than 4,000 diseases are thought to stem from mutated genes inherited from one's mother and/or father. • Common disorders such as heart disease and most cancers arise from a complex interplay among multiple genes and between genes and factors in the environment.

Correcting Genetic Diseases • Gene therapy may someday be able to cure hereditary diseases, • such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis, which are caused by missing or defective genes. • In one type of gene therapy, genetically engineered viruses are used to insert new, functioning genes into the cells of people who are unable to produce certain hormones or proteins necessary for the body to function normally.

Alleviate-zmírnit Insomnia-nespavost Anxiety-neklid Spasm-křeče Tirdnes-únava Irritability-podrážděnost Coil-vinout Calve-tele Encode-zakódovaný Inherited-zděděný Disorders-poruchy Efficiently-schopný Foods-specializovaný Nails-nehty Bladder-měchýř Chin-řetězec Vocabulary

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Chemistry and proteins