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Lesson Aims

Lesson Aims. To be able to: Explain the functions of the skeleton Describe the different types of joints Understand how the joints are important in relation to the dancer. Why do we need a skeleton?. Discuss in pairs and try and come up with AT LEAST 2 reasons- there are 5 altogether.

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Lesson Aims

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  1. Lesson Aims To be able to: Explain the functions of the skeleton Describe the different types of joints Understand how the joints are important in relation to the dancer

  2. Why do we need a skeleton? Discuss in pairs and try and come up with AT LEAST 2 reasons- there are 5 altogether.

  3. Functions of the Skeleton • Shape and support: The bones form a framework to support our bodies. • Protection: Bones surround the areas that are delicate and could get damaged i.e. Vertebral bones protect spinal cord, skull protects our brain, ribs and sternum protect lungs, heart and kidneys etc. • Movement: Muscles are attached to your bones, when they contract they shorten and pull on bones – making them move. • Blood production: Bones make blood cells in the marrow cavity, these cells are then used to transport gases round the body.

  4. Pelvis Femur Tibia/Fibula Patella Ribs Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius/Ulna Sternum Cranium The SkeletonThe bones you need to know!! Without your skeleton you’d be just a shapeless sack of flesh! The skeleton has 206 bones held together at joints by strong fibres called ligaments.

  5. Composition of a typical long bone • Cartilage – this protects the ends of bones and stops them rubbing together. Exercise causes this to become thicker, so our bodies absorb shock better as we jump or run. • Compact bone – this becomes thicker as we train and exercise. This means we are better protected against impact injuries and thicker bones mean we can train with heavier weights. • Marrow Cavity – this makes the blood cells with regular exercise this process is speeded up. • Spongy bone – this helps with shock absorption and making more blood cells.

  6. The Four Types of Bones • Long bones = i.e. …………… (act as lever, large movement) 2. Short bones = i.e. ………….. (provide movement in lots of directions, but also give strength) 3. Flat bones = i.e. …………… (protect organs and give big surface area for muscle attachment) • Irregular bones = i.e. ……….. (protect spinal cord and provide support)

  7. Movement – Joints! • Fixed or immoveable joints – no movement is possible! i.e. joint between the plates the cranium (found in areas requiring great strength). • Slightly moveable joints – they can move a little and are held together by ligaments and joined by cartilage i.e. vertebrae, joints between your ribs and sternum move when you breathe in and out! • Freely moveable joints – a wide range of movement is possible. The hip, shoulder and knee are good examples: Label your diagram now!

  8. Freely moveable joints = Synovial Joints • Most of our joints are synovial – elbow, shoulder, hip and finger joints are examples. They all have these in common: Synovial membrane Joint capsule Joint cavity Cartilage Ligaments

  9. Synovial Joints Structure(Add these descriptions on to your diagrams from last week) • Joint capsule – outer sleeve. This holds the bones together and the protects the joint. • Synovial membrane – this lines the capsule and oozes a slippery liquid called synovial fluid. • Joint cavity – this is the small gap in between the bones, it is filled with synovial fluid (lubricating the joint). • Cartilage – on the ends of bones acting as a shock absorber. • Ligaments – hold the bones together and keep them in place.

  10. Synovial Joints 1. Ball and Socket - can turn in many directions. i.e. hip and shoulder joints 2. Condyloid – back and forward and side to side. i.e. the wrist joint 3. Saddle – back and forward and from side to side. i.e. joint at the base of the thumb. 4. Hinge – can swing open until straight i.e. elbow and knee joint 5. Pivot – allows rotation i.e. the neck joint between atlas and axis 6. Gliding- smooth sliding of bone past bone i.e. the bones in the hand

  11. Functions of Cartilage, Ligaments and Tendons • Cartilage protects bones and stops them knocking together. (smooth and slippery coat on the end of bones at synovial joints) • Ligaments are the strong cords and straps that lash bones together and hold a joint in place. (a bit elastic to allow some movement) • Tendons are the very strong, non elastic cords and straps that connect muscles to bones. (Achilles tendon)

  12. ELT Questions • What is a joint? • Describe a) a fixed joint b) slightly moveable and give two examples of each. • Which type of joint is the most common in your body? Give 4 examples. • Draw and label a synovial joint and explain what job each part does. • Why do we need joints? • Which type of joint is the most useful for Dance? • Which parts of a synovial joint a) make it strong and stable b) help it move easily • What is the main purpose of the immovable joints in our skull?

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