The Research Paper

The Research Paper

Paraphrasing and Summarizing • Definition of Paraphrasing: A restatement of a text or passage in another form or other words. • Include all of the ideas mentioned in the original passage • Follow the original order of ideas • Keep the length approximately the same as the original • Do not add your own thoughts or views • Definition of Summary: Presenting the substance in a condensed form by reducing to its main points • Include only the main points of the original passage • Do not worry about following the original order of ideas • Keep the length to between ¼ and ½ of the length of the original • Do not add your own thoughts or ideas

Paraphrasing and Summarizing • Original Text: • “Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king’s horses and all the king’s men couldn’t put Humpty together again.” • Correctly Paraphrased Text: • An egg by the name of Humpty Dumpty was perched upon a wall. For some reason, Humpty Dumpty had a catastrophic fall off of this partition. Horses and men, which belonged to the King, tried unsuccessfully to repair the broken egg. • Correctly Summarized Text: • According to the writer of a children’s nursery rhyme, an egg named Humpty Dumpty was unable to be repaired by either the horses or the men, which belonged to the king, after he had a serious fall off of a wall.

Paraphrasing and Summarizing • “Darfur has been embroiled in a deadly conflict for over three years. At least 400,000 people have been killed; more than 2 million innocent civilians have been forced to flee their homes and now live in displaced-persons camps in Sudan or in refugee camps in neighboring Chad; and more than 3.5 million men, women, and children are completely reliant on international aid for survival. Not since the Rwandan genocide of 1994 has the world seen such a calculated campaign of displacement, starvation, rape, and mass slaughter.”

Paraphrasing and Summarizing • “Peter, Peter pumpkin eater had a wife and couldn’t keep her. He put her in a pumpkin shell and there he kept her very well.”

Internal Documentation • What is Parenthetical Documentation? • Parenthetical Documentation is giving credit to your sources in your research paper, even on information you paraphrased or summarized. • How often should I document? • Every paragraph of your paper should have documentation. • How much of my paper should be documented? • You do not have to document your topic or transition sentence because you wrote them. The rest of every body paragraph must be from a source, and must be documented. • How do you document? • To document, you put important information in parenthesis after the information you have quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.

Internal Documentation • What if a paragraph is in my own words and from only one source? • If an entire paragraph came from the same source, and you paraphrase or summarize the entire paragraph, you only have document once at the end of the paragraph. In this case, the period goes before the documentation. • What if I use more than one source to put a paragraph together? • If you used more than one source to construct a paragraph, you must document after each block of information. If each block of information is more than one sentence, the period goes before the documentation. If each block of information is just one sentence, then the period goes after the documentation.

Internal Documentation • How do I know what to put in the parenthesis when I am documenting? • When you document a BOOK source WITH AN AUTHOR, you put the author’s last name and the page number. Example: (Smith 3) • When you document a BOOK source WITHOUT AN AUTHOR, you put the title of the book and the pagenumber. (Germany the Beautiful12-15) • When you document an INTERNET source WITH AN AUTHOR, you put the author’s last name and the pagenumber. Example: (Jones 3-5) • When you document an INTERNET source WITHOUT AN AUTHOR, you put the title of the website and the page number.Example: (“German Food” 2-5) • When you document an INTERVIEW, you use the last name of the person you interviewed and the word “interview” in the parenthesis. • Example: (Schaefer Interview)

Internal Documentation • Works Cited • “Food in Germany.” Internet. 6 February • 2007. <http://www.germanfood.com> • German Culture. Berlin: Deutschland Publishing, 2007. • Schaefer, Laurie. Personal Interview. 5 February 2007. • Wooten, Meredith. I Love Kraut. Pfafftown: Tabor • Publishers, 1999. • Zimmermeyer, Dave. “Soccer, the Unknown Sport.” • Internet. 3 February 2007. <http://www.kickball.net>

Internal Documentation • Food is an interesting aspect of Germany’s culture. This first and second sentence of the paragraph are from an Internet source without an author, which is very common for Internet sources. The Internet source is only three pages long, and you know that because the printout tells you in the upper right hand corner( ) The next two sentences are from a brochure, which is always documented as if it is a book. Often, because brochures are written by advertising agencies, you will not have an author, so remember that you just use the title, which you can usually find on the front cover of the brochure ( ) This one sentence is from an interview with one of your favorite teachers who traveled to Germany; this teacher gave some wonderful insight into the food of the country and how much she loved it ( ) The final three sentences are from a book with an author. You found this great information on food to finish the paragraph. The page numbers that you used were pages 1121-1123 ( ) Many spectators at the popular sports in Germany enjoy eating these wonderful foods.

Internal Documentation • Sporting life in Germany is exciting and very competitive. This entire paragraph came from one source and a range of pages. It was hard to find any other source on the sports in Germany, but you did find this great website that provided all the information that you needed. You did a great job of paraphrasing and summarizing all of the information on the sports, making sure to put it all in your own words and still capture the important information. The website that you printed out was twelve pages long but you only used the first six pages of the website. Good luck with documenting this paragraph and making sure that you get everything correct ( ) Sports in Germany are often played on many of their national holidays and festivals.

Introduction of Research Paper • “May the Emperor's reign continue for a thousand,eight thousand generations until the pebbles grow into boulders, lush with moss” (“Flag and National Anthem of Japan” 1). The Introduction of your research paper should begin with a direct quote from a source, should continue with a link explaining the quote, and should end with your thesis: This stanza from the Japanese national anthem conveys the attitude of the people of Japan that they apply not only to their leaders, but to every aspect of their culture. The food, religion, sports, holidays, and education of Japan are all intriguing aspects of the country’s culture.

Conclusion of Research Paper • The culture of Japan contains much more than just food, religion, sports, holidays, and education, but these aspects are the foundation of their culture. The conclusion of your research paper should begin with a restatement of the thesis, should continue with a statement about the future potential of your country, and should end with another quote: The future of Japan is a bright and exciting one as they continue to embrace other cultureswhile never forgetting their own cultural roots. “The traditional arts of Japan offer an opportunity to experience something truly exotic or find inner calm. These ancient 'ways' are not for the faint of heart, but many foreigners come to Japan each year to enlighten themselves through their study. For the rest of us, just a nibble at this great banquet of culture will be more than enough” (“Japanese Culture” 1).

Body of Research Paper • TOPIC SENTENCE: • (The topic sentence should mention the aspect of culture that will be addressed in the paragraph.) • Food is a delicious part of the culture of Japan. The body paragraphs of your research paper should each be focused on one aspect of culture: TRANSITION SENTENCE: (This is the last sentence of each of your body paragraphs. It should sum up the current paragraph and introduce the next topic. Find a relationship between the two topics so you can do this in one sentence.) Food is often a favorite item at many Japanese sporting events.

General Info. About Works Cited: • The Works Cited page is the last page of your research paper. It does not count in the required page numbers for the paper. • üThe Works Cited page is numbered in the upper right hand corner of the page, just like all of the other pages in your paper. • üThe title of the page, Works Cited, is centered at the top of the page. • üEverything on the page is double-spaced, never more than that. • üEntries on a Works Cited page are called bibliographic entries, which means “Biblio”- book and “graphic”-writing. • üThe entries on the Works Cited page are in alphabetical order.

General Info. About Works Cited: üWhen you alphabetize, you alphabetize by the first word of the bibliographic entry, unless it begins with the three English articles, a , an , and the. You ignore these words and alphabetize by the first word in the title. üYou do not indent the first line of a bibliographic entry, but you do indent the second line of a bibliographic entry. It is the opposite of a paragraph in an essay where you indent the first line. üAll of your sources must be documented in your paper, so be sure to put only the sources you used on your Works Cited page. üEvery period, comma, and colon are very important, so do not get careless when you create your entries.

Book Entries: For a Book Entry with an author, you need to find the following information and put it in this order: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book. Publishing City: Publisher, Year Published. If the book does not have an author, you begin with the title. For a cultural encyclopedia, you add the name of your country in quotation marks between the author’s last name and title of the book.

Book Entries: If you have two authors for a book, put them in alphabetical order by their last name, putting the first person in order by last name then first name, and put the other person in order by first name then last name. If you have more than two authors for a book, list only the first person alphabetically, then write the Latin phrase et al, which means And all the rest. Brochures are documented just like a book without an author.

Website Entries: üFor a website without an author, you need to find the following information and put it in this order: “Title of Website.” Internet. Day Month Year. <complete website address> üThe date you put in the bibliographic entry is the date you found the website and printed it. üIf you can find an author for the website, you use the author’s last name and then his/her first name, just like a book entry.

Website Entries: The title of the website is usually printed in the upper left- hand corner of the page. The website address is usually printed in the lower left- hand corner of the page. The date you accessed the website is usually printed in the lower right- hand corner of the page. This is why it is important to print from the Internet since you won’t get this information if you cut and paste into a Word document.

Interview Entries: üFor a personal interview with someone who has been to your country, you need to put the following information in this order Last name of person interviewed, first name of person interviewed. Personal Interview. Day Month Year. üThe date you put in the bibliographic entry is the date you interviewed the person. üIf you conduct an interview by e-mail, you would substitute the words electronic interview for personal interview. üRemember that if you interview someone, you must write down the questions you are going to ask them, as well as the answers they give you.

Practicing Works Cited • Write the following entries in order on the example Works Cited page in your booklet: • Smith, Jane. Land of the Rising Sun. New York: Harper Collins, 2004. • “Japanese Foods.” Internet. 24 February 2007. <http://www.japanfoods.com> • Hiroko, Yin. Personal Interview. 10 March 2007. • Ember, Carol and Melvin Ember. “Japan.” Worldmark Encyclopedia. Atlanta: Dove Publishers, 2001. • Temple, Susan. “Japan: Culture.” Internet. 14 February 2007. <http://www.japaneseculture.com>

The Research Paper