Unit 5 Getafive Review

1. Unit 5 Getafive Review

2. Why 1750? • Industrial Revolution • European Imperialism • Revolutions – based on Enlightenment principles • Why 1900? • Cut off before World War I • (Used to be 1914 (WWI))

3. Big Picture snapshots of this time period • Top events of this time period are Industrial Revolution, Imperialism and Revolutions • Remember I, I and R • Must know specifics includes: • Opium War, Meiji Restoration, Simon Bolivar, Haitian Revolution and the Scramble for Africa • All examples of imperialism • The West dominates this time period

4. Industrial Revolution • Causes, political, economic and social effects • First is England > Western Europe > America > Russia (kinda) > Japan (Meiji) • 2 Industrial Revolutions • 1st- Coal, iron and steam • 2nd- Electricity, steel, oil and chemicals • Imperialism • Scramble for Africa • British in India

6. Chinese and Japanese reactions differ as a result of European imperialism • China falls to Europeans • Japan has state-sponsored industrialization, becomes a major world trader • Enlightenment thought leads to Revolution/End of slave trade • American, French, Haitian and Latin America • Economic theories develop • Capitalism (Adam Smith) vs. Communism (Karl Marx)

7. Major Changes • Spain and Portugal lose their empires while the Ottoman Empire becomes the “sick man of Europe” • Technologies develop in the fields of communication (telegraph), transportation (railroads) • Serf/Slave systems come to an end (Russia and America in the 1860’s) • Revolutions and independence movements (Haiti) • Major migrations to North and South America • Work, gold rushes, famine in home country • Major Comparisons • State sponsored industrialization of Japan, Russia and Egypt • Reactions of China and Japan to European imperialism • Qing and Ottomans resist change • Continuities • Majority of the world still rural • The strong control the weak • Economic Imperialism • Mercantilism, colonization, coerced labor

8. Industrial Revolution, Part 1 – Video 2 • Greatest change in world history since the Neolithic Revolution • Effects felt in the following areas: • Family life – factories (dad at work, not on the farm) • Communication • Transportation – Trains, steam ships • Technology, environment, growth of cities, populations • Social classes – proletariat/bourgeoisie • Science, art. • Leads to: • Imperialism, war, migration, political philosophies (capitalism/communism)

9. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • Why was Great Britain the first? • Natural resources (coal) • Stable government (that stays out of economy) • Government involvement in the economy can halt experimental attitude • Leads to entrepreneurial competition • Growing population • New foods, crop rotation, chemical fertilizers leads to big population growth • Compare to when China got champa rice from Vietnam

10. Geography • Metals, coal, rivers for steam power • Cities grow – everyone in one place, diffusion of ideas • Enclosure Acts – peasants moved off of formerly public land (fencing in) • First time Great Britain has power in history • By 1900, 90% of most populated cities in Europe/US • James Watt and his steam engine • Textile industry first • Spinning Jenny (makes thread) • Cotton Gin (deseeds cotton) • India becomes a place for cotton to be harvested and a market to sell cotton for England • Transportation impacted (steamboat, locomotive)

11. 1st Industrial Revolution was steam, coal and iron (1750 CE) • Interchangeable parts • Leads to mass production • Makes it easier • Transportation • Steamships • Allow for Europeans to go up the rivers into central Africa • Steam Locomotive • Transcontinental railroads in US and Russia • Moves from coal and steam to oil in Second IR

12. 2nd Industrial Revolution was oil, electricity, chemicals and steel (1850 CE) • Spread of Industrial Revolution from Great Britain to western Europe, America, Russia and Japan • US and Russia both build transcontinental railroads • US most powerful industrial nation at the end of this time period • Copied British industrialization • Government becomes pro-industry • Industrial North beats Agricultural South in Civil War

13. Industrial Revolution, Part 2 – Video 3 • State sponsored Industrialization • Japan: Meiji Restoration • Embarrassed by US, Perry • Silk factories • Women workers • Egypt: Muhammed Ali • European advisors • Cotton industry • Russia: Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad • Slower industrialization • Shown in Russo-Japanese War (Japan wins, shocks world)

15. Other regions in the world become suppliers of goods and raw materials for the industrialized • Latin America (sugar, coffee, bananas, meat) • Argentina has a lot of beef • Guano (bat poop) fertilizer from Peru • Africa (palm oil, rubber, diamonds) • Palm oil – lubricant for machines • China – silk, porcelain, tea • Leads to imbalance of trade (all British silver going to China)

16. Result of Industrial Revolution • Financial (stock market, gold standard) • International standardized prices of gold • Transnational businesses (United Fruit company) • US owns land in Central America – sells fruit back to us (BANANA REPUBLIC_ • Social Effects (gap between rich and poor dramatically increases, family life altered, child labor, less kids than rural areas, cities become crowded and unsanitary) • Women as homemakers and factory workers • Bad conditions in Japanese silk factories for women • New Social Classes – Industrial working class (conflict between workers and owners (Marxism)) • Social status more determined by wealth than by family background • Unions, reforms, and mandatory schooling is initiated • Higher wages • Leisure time (theater, sports) • Weekends

17. Philosophies • Adam Smith and Capitalism (Wealth of Nations 1776) • Government stays out of economy • Lassiez faire – hands off • Karl Marx and Communism (Communist Manifesto 1848) • Workers will react and overthrow the bourgeoisie • Classless, stateless society • Government, and everything else is a way for the rich to keep the poor down • Luddites – protested industry, smashed equipment, hanged by government • Feminism (Wollstonecraft, Stanton and Seneca Falls Convention) • Wollstonecraft – equal education is key to equal rights • De Gouges – French Revolution left out women • Seneca Falls – US convention for equal rights, suffrage • Social Reforms • Universal compulsory education • Environment • Pollution

18. Transportation and communication developments • Steamships and railroads • Telegraph to telephone • Canals (Suez) • Connects Africa to Asia • Easier for Europe to get to Asia and East Africa • Panama (1910ish) • Advances in medicine like smallpox vaccines and sterilization made for longer life expectancy in industrialized world • Lower infant mortality rate

20. Nationalism becomes a strong force • Pride in your country (not a leader) • Started by Napoleon (pride of being French) • Caused the people he conquered to become nationalist against him • Napoleon, unification of Italy and Germany all contributed to intense pride • Nationalism is a big impact on unification

21. Germany’s nationalism is going to lead to WWI • France’s imperialism is going to lead to WWI • US Manifest Destiny – nationalism saying that US should be coast to coast • Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires all very culturally diverse • Ottoman Empire loses some areas due to nationalism • Greece, parts of Russia • Keeps shrinking • Egypt • Muhammad Ali – father of Modern Egypt • Suez Canal • Modeled after Britain • Britain and France try to control Suez Canal, eventually nationalism makes Egypt take it back

22. Imperialism, Part 1 – Video 4 • British empire largest empire of all time • “The sun never sets on the British empire” • Causes of imperialism • Search for raw materials and markets from the Industrial Revolution • India, England is example • Palm oil from Africa for machines • Rubber from Africa for tires • Nationalism and competition • Social Darwinism • Survival of the Fittest applied to races – some races are better than others and will industrialize • White Man’s Burden – poem saying it is the burden of the Europeans to civilize the barbarians • Superior attitude of European race

23. Imperialism in India • India the crown jewel of British empire • Pattern of centralization followed by decentralization • Turn over from Mughals to British • After Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War • British East India Company takes over trading in India • Need for pepper, spices leads British there • Sepoy Rebellion (1857) a reaction to British imperialism in India – rumor of pig/cow fat • Leads to the takeover of British government into India • Indians failed because Hindus/Muslims couldn’t get a long • British occupied the highest position in Indian society • Brought railway and telegraph lines to India • good for India, but put in place to maintain power • English official language (today, India has the 2nd most English speakers in the world) • Eventually an educated class of Indians start the Indian National Congress (1885) to rid India of British control • Western learning becomes a constant for independence movements • Haiti, India, Africa, Mexico, South America

24. Imperialism in China • China was amassing silver in exchange for their goods of silk, porcelain and especially tea • Didn’t want non-Chinese stuff • Qing Dynasty controls trade (only opens one port) • Britain tried to reverse this imbalance of trade by selling opium to China which caused the Opium war • Used steamships to enter China through India • Indians grew the Opium under British rule • Emperor writes letter to Queen Victoria to stop opium imports • Opium war was lost by China which resulted in unequal treaties and China being divided into spheres of influence by Europeans (places where they could trade)

26. More China • Example of economic imperialism • Took control of Hong Kong (keeps it until 1997) • Vietnam lost to French (French Indochina) • Spread of Christianity • Western tech massacres China (gunships through canals) • Major repercussion of them not industrializing

27. Chinese Reaction to Imperialism • White Lotus Rebellion (Buddhist rebellion over taxes) • Taiping rebellion • Almost took down Qing Dynasty • Most deaths in a war to-date (20 Million) • Self-Strengthening Movement – try to reform, modernize, industrialize, education • Too little too late (like Tanzimat Reforms) • Boxer Rebellion • Killing outsiders, Japanese, Europeans • Rad boxers who could punch bullets out of the sky • Took 5 countries to stop them

28. Eventually foreign intervention will bring about the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 • Foot binding banned • Civil service exam banished • Corruption • Tax evasion • Will lead to the republic taking over and ending 4000 years of dynastic rule

29. Revolutions – Video 5 • Enlightenment thought led to revolutions and the eventual elimination of slavery • Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu • Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) – job of the government is to protect these rights • American Revolution (elites still in power) – inspired other revolutions • Revolutions are in the name of the poor, but the elites keep power

30. French Revolution • Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen similar to Declaration Independence • Both did not give women rights • King Louis XVI is executed • Much bloodier revolution than American • Reign of Terror – Robespierre killing dissentors (1000s dead) • Led to rise of Napoleon – leads to French nationalism and nationalism of enemies • Latin American countries used Napoleon’s drama in Europe as a time to start revolutions • Napoleonic code

31. Haitian Revolution • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture – overthrew the French • Inspired by enlightenment thinkers (L’Ouveture read owner’s books) • Only successful slave revolt in the history of the world • First revolution in Latin America • 1804: a free republic with a constitution was established • French loss in Haiti led to the sale of Louisiana Purchase

32. Latin American Independence (Spain and Portugal lose their empires) • Napoleon causing trouble in Spain and Portugal, leads to revolutions in colonies • Social pyramid consisted of peninsulares at the top, then creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, indigenous and finally slaves • Latin American Revolutions replaced the peninsulares with the creoles • Elites remain in power • Women gain no rights

33. Simon Bolivar (The Liberator) • Educated on enlightened ideas • Used military to free Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) from Spanish rule • Saw himself as the George Washington of South America • Jamaica Letter – justifies independence from Spanish (like Declaration of Independence) • Jose San Martin (Creole liberator of southern South America) • Followed Bolivar’s example

34. Pedro II • King fled from Portugal to Brazil • Son, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal • Makes Brazil more stable than other Latin countries, gets a Republic • Mexican independence from Spanish in 1821 • Father Hidalgo – El Grito de Delores • Landowning elites follow him to get Spanish out • All Latin Independence movements are more about independence than freedom • Elites keep power, poor still poor • Economies remain dependent on Europe • Export economies

35. Migrations – Video 6 • Reasons for migrations: • high population regions (China, India, Japan) to less populated regions • Work is offered in less population areas • Revolutions, persecutions, famine (Irish potato), need for agricultural workers after elimination of slavery (Sugar plantations in Caribbean), gold rushes (Australia and Alaska) • Seasonal workers – Italians in Argentina, Japanese in Pacific • Jews are persecuted • Travel is much easier (steam ships) • Slavery ending leads to need for low-paid workers • Gold rushes in Russia, California

36. Italians in Argentina and Japanese in the Pacific • Effects of migrations: • America as a melting pot, Chinese culture in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Italian culture in Argentina • Chinese Exclusion Act in America and White Australian Act of 1901 • Spain and Portugal lose their empires • Britain and France become the biggest empires in Indian Ocean • Ottoman Empire is “the sick man of Europe” • Reforms: • Tanzimat reforms (movement towards constitutional government, banks, railroad) ended in 1876 • Too little too late • Young Turks (western educated, sought nationalistic reform) • Overthrow Ottoman Empire during WWI

37. Qing dynasty resists change and falls (1911) • Stays agricultural • Corruption • High taxes on poor, low on rich • Aggressive West Passive Rest! • Japan is the exception • Change: • Industrial Revolution, technologies, revolutions, end of serfdom in Russia and slavery in America • Continuity • Africa and its resources are controlled, the West is aggressive, majority of the world is still rural, elites remain in power • Comparisons: • Chinese and Japanese differing responses to European imperialism • State sponsored industrialization in Japan, Egypt and Russia • Russia and US comparisons (slavery, transcontinental railroad)