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Sensation and Perception. Unit 4. Sensation. Sensation vs. Perception. Steps to sensation. 1. Accessory Structures 2. Transduction 3. Sensory Neurons 4. Thalamus or Amygdala 5. Cerbral Cortex. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing.
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Sensation and Perception Unit 4
Sensation • Sensation vs. Perception
Steps to sensation • 1. Accessory Structures • 2. Transduction • 3. Sensory Neurons • 4. Thalamus or Amygdala • 5. Cerbral Cortex
Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jkaSIOqUgY
Sensation • Psychophysics • Absolute threshold • http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/threshold.swf • Signal Detection theory • Difference threshold • Just noticeable difference • Weber’s Law • Sensory Adaptation
Sensation • Subliminal Stimulation
Taste/Gustation • Chemical Sense • Receptors • Taste buds • Primary tastes • sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami • Flavor
Smell/Olfaction • Emotion • Amygdala • Chemical • Receptors • Olfactory rods • Cilia • Primary Odors • Anosmia • Gender • Age
Vision • Light Waves • Frequency • Amplitude
Parts of the Eye • Cornea • Pupil • Iris • Lens • Retina
Eye, cont. • Receptors • Cones • Rods • Fovea • Blind Spot • Optic Nerve • Afterimages
Theories of Vision • Parallel Processing • Young-Helmholtz • Trichromatic theory • Opponent-Process Theory
Optical Defects • Nearsightedness • Farsightedness • Night-blindness • Colorblindness
Hearing • Sound Waves • Frequency • Pitch • Hertz • Amplitude • Loudness • Decibels
Parts of the Ear • Outer Ear • Auditory Canal • Middle Ear • Eardrum • Hammer • Anvil • Stirrup • Inner Ear • Cochlea • Basilar Membrane • Cilia • Auditory Nerve http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O-adw-HyrQ
Theories of Hearing • Place Theory • Frequency- Matching theory • aka Volley Principle
Hearing Disabilities • Conduction Deafness • Nerve Deafness • Aka sensorineural hearing loss • Cochlear implant
Vestibular Sense • Equilibrium • Inner ear • Semicircular canals • Vestibular sacs
Touch • Skin • Pressure • Depressed • Changes • Active or Passive • Temperature • Pain • A-delta fibers • C fibers • Serotonin • Endorphins • Gate control theory
Kinesthetic • Position and Movement • Receptors • Joints and muscles
Perception Optical Illusions
Perception • The interpretation of sensory information
Gestalt • When given a cluster of sensations people tend to organize them into a gestalt • A meaningful whole • Necker cube
Gestalt • Principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions • Our brain does more than register information about the world
Gestalt :Figure-Ground • The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings
Gestalt :Grouping - Proximity • We group nearby figures ************ ************ ************
Gestalt :Grouping - Similarity • We group similar figures together
Gestalt :Grouping - Continuity • We perceive smooth, continuous patterns
Gestalt :Grouping - Connectedness • Because they are linked we perceive them as a set, even if they are not uniform
Gestalt :Grouping - Closure • We fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects
Depth Perception • The ability to see objects in 3-D although the images that strike the retina are 2-D • Allows us to judge distance
Depth Perception • Visual Cliff
Depth Perception • Binocular Cues • Depth cues that depend on two eyes • Retinal Disparity
Binocular Cues • Convergence • when projecting images on the retinas, the eyes must rotate inward • The closer the perceived object is, the more they must rotate • Only effective for short distances (less than 25 feet)
Depth Perception • Monocular Cues • Depth cues that can be gained from either eye
Monocular Cues: relative height • We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther way
Monocular Cues: relative size • If we assume two objects are similar in size, we assume the smaller one is farther away
Monocular Cues: interposition • If one object partially block the view of another object, we perceive it as closer
Monocular Cues: linear perspective • Parallel line (railroad tracks) appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater their distance.