Chapter 22: The Civil War

1. Chapter 22: The Civil War

2. South: voluntarily joined, could voluntarily leave; defend Southern Independence • North: South were traitors, needed to preserve the union • Southern States: SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AK, TN, NC • Northern States: CA, CT, IL, IN, IA, KS, ME, MA, MI, MN, NV, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PN, RI, VT, WI, DE, MD, MO, KT, WV 22.1 Introduction

3. Abraham Lincoln: Union • Protect the Union, the country had “matured and continued” • Jefferson Davis: Confederacy • States rights, “asserted a right which the Dec of Ind defined as unalienable” 22.2 North vs. South

4. North’s Strengths • 22 million population • Technological advantages (factories, resources) • Banks • More farms (food) • Iron, coal, copper, gold • Controlled seas • Railroad for supplying • Lincoln • North’s Weaknesses • Military Leadership The North

5. South’s Strengths • Military Leadership (Lee) • Size of south made conquering difficult • Defend and protect • South’s Weaknesses • Could be divided by Mississippi River • Economic and transportation disadvantages • Few factories • Railroads The South

6. Anaconda Plan • Surround South and cut off trade • Divide Confederacy in half • Capture Richmond • Bull Run • Rose Greenhow supplied information on attack • Stonewall Jackson held firm with Union assault • Huge victory for South, shock for north • Women and the war • Spies • Ran farms and businesses • Nurses, teachers, government workers • Red Cross 22.3 Bull Run

7. The Anaconda Plan • North blockades southern ports; Great Britain refuses to push through, hurts Southern economy • Admiral Farragut leads 46 ships down Mississippi, NOLA falls without a shot • General Grant leads forces through KT and TN; “Unconditional Surrender” 22.4 Antietam: A Bloody Affair

8. The Battle of Antietam • Lee invades MD, hoping to change allegiance and bring European powers into war • McClellan hammers Lee’s troops for a day, Lee retreats • Between the two forces almost 5,000 were dead and over 20,000 wounded/missing 22.4 Antietam: A Bloody Affair

9. The New Realities of War • Improved weapons; rifles and artillery • Medicine not advance; no understanding of bacteria • Disease in war camps 22.4 Antietam: A Bloody Affair

10. The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln made goal of Civil War abolition • January 1st, 1863 declared slaves free • Confederate states ignored, states in Union with slaves also ignored 22.5: Gettysburg: A Turning Point

11. The Battle of Gettysburg • Lee invades the North • General Meade meets Lee in Pennsylvania, 3 day battle • George Pickett charges to attempt to break Union lines, fails • Lee withdraws and fights defensive the rest of the war, 40,000 dead/wounded on both sides 22.5: Gettysburg: A Turning Point

12. Opposition on Union Home Front • Tired of long war, some looking for peace • Copperheads: Democrats more interested in restoring peace than saving Union • Lincoln has to keep order in Maryland • The Gettysburg Address • “The Great Civil War” “Conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” • Honor the men who died • Everyone must remain devoted to the cause of the Civil War 22.5: Gettysburg: A Turning Point

13. Advances • Railroad • Telegraph • Photographs • Iron-plated ships 22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

14. Merrimac and Monitor • Confederacy put iron plates on wooden ship with powerful ram called the Merrimac (renamed Virginia) • Merrimac attacks wooden ships in the Chesapeake, almost destroys blockade • Union build the Monitor and the two meet and attack • Neither is destroyed; ends wooden ships and changes the navy 22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

15. Control of the Mississippi • Although Union controlled, they could not transport soldiers/supplies safely because of Vicksburg • Siege of Vicksburg • Cannons on top of Vicksburg hill could attack ships going down river • For six weeks Union bombards Vicksburg by land and sea • Surrenders July 4th, 1863 22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

16. Problems on the Confederate Home Front • Blockade=no imported goods • Food scarce, Union often destroyed farmland • Morale slowing failing 22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

17. 54thMassachusetts • First all black regiment, commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw • Paid less, refused to accept money until pay was equal • Fort Wagner, paved way for African Americans to be used in battle 22.7 Fort Wagner: African-Americans and the War

18. Ulysses S. Grant becomes commander of Union Forces in March of 1864 • Grant Invades Virginia • Grant and Lee meet at the Wilderness, Cold Harbor and Petersburg • Grant suffers huge losses but can reinforce, Lee cannot • Total War: war on enemy’s ability to fight, massive damage to resources • Sherman invades South; captures Atlanta and burns it 22.8 Appomattox: Total War Brings an End

19. The Reelection of Lincoln • Northern Democrats nominate George McClellan • Immediate end to war • Sheridan destroys Shenandoah and Sherman capturing Atlanta helps Lincoln • Sherman’s March through Georgia • Marches through Georgia to Savannah • Destroy the last untouched supply base in South • Destroys everything useful in 60-mile-wide path 22.8 Appomattox: Total War Brings an End

20. The War Ends • Grant breaks through Petersburg and captures Richmond • April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House • Grant generous with terms • Touched by Fire • Slavery and secession had no place in new nation • “The United States are” became “the United States is” • 620,000 dead from both sides; billions spent on war • States rights and status of African Americans still an issue 22.8 Appomattox: Total War Brings an End

21. Lincoln assassinated April 14th, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth • Andrew Johnson becomes president • No Confederate soldiers punished • South must create governments loyal to Union • Begin Reconstruction Era Post War

22. How was the Northern economy helped by the war? • What was the North’s tactic to win the war? • What was the South’s tactic to win the war? • What was the North’s goal in the war? • Why did the North win the war? Chapter Questions