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Regents Review

Regents Review. Day 4 Unit 7: Genetics Unit 8: DNA to Proteins. If organisms mate, parents will each pass 50% of the alleles on to their offspring. Alleles – different forms of a gene Dominant allele – allele that shows up if present

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Regents Review

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  1. Regents Review Day 4 Unit 7: GeneticsUnit 8: DNA to Proteins

  2. If organisms mate, parents will each pass 50% of the alleles on to their offspring. • Alleles – different forms of a gene • Dominantallele – allele that shows up if present • Recessiveallele – allele can be covered up by a Dominant allele, need to inherit 2 recessive alleles to see the trait • Homozygous – organism inherited two of the same alleles (AA or aa) • Heterozygous(hybrid) – organism inherited two different alleles (Aa)

  3. Punnet Square – chart used to predict the possible offspring of a cross • Segregation– alleles separate from each other when separated in a gamete • Place possible alleles on the top and side of the punnet square and cross • Ex. Cross two hybrid organisms =

  4. Pedigree chart – family history that shows the inheritance of a trait

  5. Dominantpattern – trait appears in every generation (person with the trait has at least one parent who shows the same trait) • Recessivepattern – trait appears to skip generations (person with the trait may have 0, 1, or 2 parents that show the same trait) • Autosomalinheritance pattern – occurs equally between men and women • Sex-linkedinheritance pattern – occurs more often in men (men only have 1 X chromosome)

  6. Genetic diseases are inherited through DNA codes and are transmitted from parents to offspring during sexual reproduction • If an individual inherits two recessive alleles for a trait they will have the trait

  7. Each chromosome holds hundreds of genes • Down Syndrome is a genetic disease caused by non-disjunction of chromosomes (extra 21st chromosome) • This is diagnosed with a karyotype – picture of homologous chromosomes

  8. DNAcontrols cellular activity by controlling the production of proteins, therefore the phenotype (physical traits) of the organism

  9. DNA replication involves making an identical copy of cell’s DNA. • Replication makes the chromosome number remain constant from one generation to the next • Replication involves matching complimentarynucleotides basepairing rules (A-T & G-C) • DNA is made up of many units, called nucleotides, wound together into a double strand that has the shape of a double helix

  10. During DNA replication, the original strand of DNA “unzips” when weak hydrogen bondsbetween the bases of thedouble strand are broken • Two new double strands of DNA result, each has one old and onenew strand

  11. Information transfer in the cell goes from DNA to RNA to a Protein • DNA therefore has the original set of instructions for the order of amino acids that make up a protein

  12. DNA is transcribed into mRNA (AUCG) • Occurs in the nucleus • Copied in groups of 3’s called codons

  13. mRNA is translated into amino acids (then folded into proteins) • Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome • mRNA Codons are translated into Amino Acids using the Amino Acid Codon Chart • Sequence of Amino Acids determines the SHAPEand the FUNCTIONof the Protein

  14. DNA mutations may result in the production of abnormal proteins that do not function correctly, or in protein production being stopped. • These proteins have a different SHAPE, so they have a DIFFERENT FUNCTION

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