Wilsonian Progressivism

1. Wilsonian Progressivism Chapter 29

2. Essential Questions • What actions did President Wilson pursue to expand the progressive movement? • How did the Wilson administration handle foreign affairs?

3. 1912 Election • Republicans nominate President Taft • T. Roosevelt shunned by Republican Party starts his own party, Bull Moose Party • Platform: women’s suffrage, minimum wage laws, social security • Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson • Platform: New Freedom (antitrust legislation, bank reform, tariff reduction)

4. 1912 Election • Taft and Roosevelt divide Republican voters • Wilson = 435 EC votes • Roosevelt = 88 EC votes • Taft = 8 EC votes • Eugene Debs (Socialist party) = 0 EC votes • Wilson only won 41% of popular vote • Taft will become Chief justice of Supreme Court in 1921

5. 1912 Election

6. President Woodrow Wilson Timeline • 1913 • Underwood Tariff Act • 16th Amendment • Federal Reserve Act • 17th Amendment • 1914 • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • WWI Begins • US occupation of Veracruz • 1915 • Sinking of Lusitania • US enters Haiti • 1916 • Pancho Villa Raids • Wilson Reelected • 1917 • US buys Virgin Islands • Zimmerman Note • Bolshevik Revolution • US enters WWI • 1918 • 14 Points proposed • Sedition Act • Armistice • 1919 • Treaty of Versailles • 18th Amendment • Wilson collapse • 1920 • Senate defeats Versailles • 19th Amendment • Harding elected president

7. Woodrow Wilson • Born in Virginia • Inspired by Jefferson • College professor • Governor of New Jersey • Saw the world as right and wrong, no in-between

8. New Freedom • Wilson was very progressive. • Adopted views previously held by Populist and Bull Moose Parties. • Lived up to his promises domestically. • Failures • Segregation: Wilson did nothing to ease the suffering of African Americans • Child Labor: supported law that would have ended child labor, but Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

9. Taxs, Tariffs, and Trusts, Oh MY! • Congress passes Underwood Tariff Bill (lowers tariff) • 16th Amendment: taxed the income of people earning most in US • Federal Trade Commission: Created to sniff out trusts and unfair business • Clayton Antitrust Act: much more powerful than Sherman. • easier to enforce • Exempted labor unions • Exempted agricultural organizations • Outlawed interlocking directorates

10. Federal Reserve Act • Problems • No flexibility of $ • $ all concentrated in northeast • Difficult to transfer$ • Constant cycles of deep recessions • Federal Reserve • 3rd BUS • Controlled by government • Issued paper $ • Allowed $ to circulate freely • 12 regional banks established

11. Federal Reserve System

12. Where Did Your Money Originate?

13. Missionary Diplomacy • Wilson’s foreign policy • Refused to recognize or support governments that he felt were corrupt (based on morals) • Jones Act: Promised the Philippines independence in the future. • Eased tensions with Japan after California passed law that didn’t allow Japanese-Americans to own land

14. Missionary Diplomacy (in LA) • Used the Roosevelt Corollary when he dispatches troops to Haiti and Dominican Republic for failure to pay debts (there for 19 years!) • Purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

16. South of the Border • In the 1910s, Mexico experienced a number a government coups • Conflict mostly resulted between rich and poor • Many US businesses exploited Mexican resources • This series of Mexican Revolutions threatened American investors.

17. South of the Border • 1914: US sailors wrongfully arrested, then released in Mexico • In retaliation, US seized Veracruz • US later leaves city. • Poor relations with Mexico continue

18. South of the Border • Pancho Villa was a Mexican bandit/hero/terrorist/ opposition leader. • Resented US treatment of Mexico • Murdered 16 American workers in Mexico • Invades(!) US, leads raids in New Mexico that lead to 19 deaths

19. South of the Border • Congress authorizes use of force in Mexico, but does not declare war • Wilson sends General John “Black Jack” Pershing and a regiment of soldiers into Mexico to hunt Pancho • Search for months, never capture Pancho • Recalled when US enters WWI

20. South of the Border Never captured by the US, Pancho Villa was assassinated by an anonymous gunman in 1923. Many Mexicans still consider him a hero.

21. World War I • 1914: WWI begins • Most Americans wish to remain neutral • Both sides (Central Powers and Allies) woo US support. • Kaiser Wilhelm II: leader of Germany during WWI • Many German-Americans felt sympathy toward Central Powers • Many do become offended when Germany invades neutral Belgium • More anti-German sentiment after a briefcase full of espionage material found in NY subway.

22. Allies v. Central Powers

23. Wartime Economy • US businesses made $ by selling to both sides early in war • British blockade eventually prevented Central Powers from receiving shipments from US. • Germany developed submarines (U-boats) to sneak through blockade • Subs attacked Allied ships, but could not always determine who was neutral (like the US)

24. Tragedy at Sea • 1915: The Lusitania is sunk by U-boats, 128 dead Americans. • German’s apologize, US accepts • Another ship containing Americans is sunk, Germany apologizes, US accepts • This pattern is repeated several times, each time anti-German feelings grow in US

25. Lusitania

26. 1916 Election • Democrats nominate Wilson • Slogan “He kept us out of war” • Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes • Platform: higher tariff, attack Mexico and be tough on Germany • Wilson wins a close reelection, 277 to 254 (electoral votes)

27. Stay Tuned! • Will Wilson keep us out of war indefinitely? • Will evidence of German espionage, U-boat activity, trouble with Mexico, and revolution in Russia draw the US from our neutral position in WWI? • What will the legacy of President Wilson be; progressive reformer or commander in chief?