1 / 16

Vaccines Against Viral Infection

Vaccines Against Viral Infection. Austin Follett Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Viral Vaccines. History Vaccine types How they work Recommended Schedule Specific Vaccines Flu HIV/AIDS Human Papillomavirus (HPV) To stick or not to stick?. History of Vaccines.

benjamin
Download Presentation

Vaccines Against Viral Infection

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Vaccines Against Viral Infection Austin Follett Medicinal Chemistry

  2. Anti-Viral Vaccines • History • Vaccine types • How they work • Recommended Schedule • Specific Vaccines • Flu • HIV/AIDS • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) • To stick or not to stick?

  3. History of Vaccines • Chinese inoculated themselves against smallpox before 200 B.C. • Edward Jenner inoculated against smallpox with cowpox in 1796 • Vaccination comes from Latin (vacca– cow) • Louis Pasteur took the concept and applied it to prevent against anthrax and viral rabies • 1988: W.H.O. targets polio for eradication • 2000: Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization formed; strengthens routine vaccinations in countries with GDP below $1000 • Currently, nearly two dozen vaccines are available for use in the United States

  4. Types of Viral Vaccines • Inactivated: Virus particles are grown then killed by either heat or formaldehyde • Attentuated: Live, weakened form of the virus particles • Subunit: Only given antigen of virus • Isolation of specific protein • Recombinant administration

  5. How vaccines work

  6. Vaccination Schedule • By age two, children are recommended to have the following vaccines by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: • Hepatitis A & B, Polio, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, HiB, Chicken Pox, Rotavirus, Influenza, Meningococcal disease, and Pneumonia

  7. Flu Vaccine • Virus has 8 piece genome undergoes antigenic drift • The flu kills 36,000 in the US annually • Flu vaccine is an educated guess of the most probable form of virus • Two main types: • Flu shot: inactivated vaccine • Nasal-spray: attentuated vaccine

  8. Should you get vaccinated? • Yes, if you are at high risk or care for someone who is • No, if you are allergic to chicken eggs or are otherwise immunocompromised • Side effects: • Possible virulence from nasal-spray • Soreness, redness • Low-grade fever • Aches

  9. HIV Vaccine • An effective HIV Vaccine would allow the body to completely rid itself of the virus and/or control it to prevent infection and transmission • Three types being used: subunit, recombinant, and DNA vaccines • http://www.hopkins-aids.edu/hiv_lifecycle/hivcycle_txt.html

  10. HIV Methods of Prevention • Prevent fusion to host cell • Inhibit reverse transcriptase • Inhibit integrase: no viral integration into host genome • Target protease: prevent polypeptide cleavage, functional HIV proteins • Prevent release from host cell

  11. Where’s the vaccine? • Several challenges arise with development: • HIV continually mutates and recombines • HIV infects Helper T cells • Can be transmitted as both free virus and in infected cells • Researchers are unsure what constitutes an effective immune response to HIV • No ideal animal model for testing exists • Possibility that HIV is not the true cause for AIDS

  12. Human Papillomavirus Vaccine • HPV is required in the development of nearly all types of cervical cancer • Vaccination prevents initial infection by several of the most commonly sexually transmitted HPV types • Estimated that 50% of men and women will become infected with one of the sexually transmitted HPV types during adulthood. • Along with cervical cancer, HPV can cause skin and genital warts as well as anal cancer and penile cancer

  13. The Vaccine • All types of HPV do not cause cancer, but a vaccine has been developed that protects against types 6, 11, 16 and 18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts combined • However, other types can cause the cancer, so Pap smears are recommended to prevent cancer development

  14. Gardasil • On February 2, 2007 Texas Governor Rick Perry mandated that all school girls going into sixth grade be vaccinated • Studies have only been done in short duration, long-term impact unknown • In 2006, estimated that 9,700 women developed cervical cancer, 38% died • Although all cervical cancer types are not covered by this vaccine, this prevalence would be greatly reduced by widespread vaccination • Currently, multiple groups nationwide question the value of the vaccine as a whole; safety issues seem to have fallen under the importance of speed. • In addition, other high-risk HPV types can circumvent the vaccine completely, reducing its effectiveness.

  15. To: Vaccinations prevent viral infections, most effective way of disease prevention Cost-effective method to manage healthcare Herd immunity could extend to those that don’t get the vaccine Not to: Certain vaccinations have not been tested completely Compulsory vaccination represents excessive government interaction Childhood vaccinations contain mercury, which has a possible connection with autism (MMR, DTP, HiB, Hep. B) Controversy:To Stick or Not To Stick?

  16. Thank you! Be smart about your vaccinations!

More Related