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Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny. John O’Sullivan Newspaper Editor Coins the Phrase Manifest Destiny in 1845 "(It is) ..our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty" . Moses Austin.

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Manifest Destiny

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  1. Manifest Destiny

  2. John O’Sullivan Newspaper Editor Coins the Phrase Manifest Destiny in 1845 "(It is) ..our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty"

  3. Moses Austin • 1820: He receives permission from Mexican government to establish a colony in Texas • He is granted 200,000 acres and permission to bring 300 settlers. • Unfortunately he dies on the return trip to begin recruiting settlers.

  4. Moses Austin

  5. Stephen Austin • Son of Moses Austin • Takes over responsibility of organizing the colony in Texas • Austin and his handpicked settlers begin to arrive in December of 1821 • This original group of settlers is known as: • The Old Three Hundred

  6. Stephen Austin “Father of Texas”

  7. Republic of Texas • Over the next decade, nearly 25,000 more settlers come to Texas • Upset the Mexican government based on the original agreement limiting the number of settlers allowed. • 1833: Stephen Austin meets with Santa Anna requesting permission for Texas to become a separate state of Mexican Republic • Austin is detained until 1835

  8. Oct 1835 • Fighting breaks out at the Battle of Gonzalez • Sam Houston is appointed Commander-in-Chief of Texas forces • Stephen Austin goes to D.C. as representative of Texas

  9. Sam Houston Commander of Texas forces President of the Republic of Texas

  10. Battle of the Alamo • Feb 23-Mar 6 1836 • Location of old Spanish Mission • Santa Anna (Dictator/Military commander) puts the Alamo in siege status • 6000 Mexican forces against roughly 250 Texans • Defenders of the Alamo refused to surrender • March 6 final attack all defenders are killed • “Remember the Alamo” becomes battle cry

  11. William Travis Commanded forces at the Alamo

  12. JimBowie Inventor of famous “Bowie Knife”

  13. Davy Crockett Tennessee volunteer Member House of Representatives from Tenn.

  14. Massacre at Goliad • March 27, 1836 • Santa Anna follows up the Alamo with slaughter of Texan forces at Goliad • Captured prisoners were divided into 3 groups and executed • “Remember Goliad” added to the battle cries

  15. Battle of San Jacinto • April 21, 1836 • Final battle of conflict • Sam Houston’s outnumbered army defeats Santa Anna’s troops • Battle lasts around 20 minutes • Santa Anna surrenders to a wounded Sam Houston

  16. Santa Anna

  17. Treaty of Velasco • Recognizes independence of Texas • Spares the life of Santa Anna • Sam Houston defeats Stephen Austin for president of Texas • Houston later becomes a U.S. senator and governor of Texas • Austin is appointed Secretary of State but dies shortly after • Small skirmishes continued between Texas and Mexico up until the outbreak of the Mexican War.

  18. James Polk and Expansion • Two major issues pressing during his election and presidency: • Annexation of Texas and Oregon Country • Polk was much in favor or expansion • Campaign slogan was 54 40 or Fight which was a reference to the dispute over the U.S./Canadian border

  19. Oregon Treaty of 1846 • Ended the dispute by establishing the permanent boundary at the 49th Parallel

  20. Annexation of Texas • Texas statehood was creating sectional as well as foreign issues • Adding Texas to the Union would stack the balance of power to slave states • Adding Texas to the Union would likely start a war with Mexico • Several bills to add Texas to the Union had been rejected

  21. Texas Statehood • December 29, 1845 • President Polk signs documents admitting Texas as the 28th state • By doing so, the U.S. inherits the border dispute between Texas and Mexico • Texas had claimed the Rio Grande River as the boundary where Mexico claimed the Nueces River as the boundary

  22. Attempts at Negotiation • November 10, 1845, Polk sends James Slidell on a secret mission to offer Mexican govt. 25,000,000 for territory to Rio Grande • Mexican govt. refuses as an insult to national honor • Polk sends General Zachary Taylor to the disputed area

  23. Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready”

  24. April 25, 1846 • Thornton Affair • 70 man detachment led by Captain Seth Thornton was attacked by 2000 strong detachment of the Mexican cavalry • 16 U.S. soldiers killed • May 11, 1846, Polk addresses Congress to ask for a declaration of war against Mexico claiming American blood had been shed on American soil • Congress declares war May 13, 1846

  25. December 22, 1847 Abraham Lincoln issues the “Spot Resolutions” As a newly elected member of Congress, challenged President Polk to show the exact location of bloodshed of Americans

  26. Winfield Scott Commander of U.S. forces during the Mexican War

  27. Robert E. Lee Gained valuable military experience during Mexican War Commander of Southern forces during the Civil War

  28. Ulysses S. Grant Gains valuable experience during Mexican War Commander of Union forces during Civil War

  29. Thomas Jackson AKA “Stonewall” Gains valuable experience during Mexican War Lee’s most able general during the Civil War

  30. Major Battles of the Mexican War • Battle of Palo Alto: • 1st major engagement of the war • Near present day Brownsville, Texas • Battle of Buena Vista: • Mexican army casualties totaled 3400 to Taylors 650 • Mexican army claimed victory and retreated

  31. Battles cont. • Capture of Veracruz: • Important port location for Mexican Army • General Scott laid siege to the city • Becomes important supply post for U.S. army • Battle of Chapultepec: • Mexican fort located outside of Mexico City and final protection • Mexican casualties total 2000 while U.S. casualties total 450 • Led to the capture of Mexico City and surrender of Mexican Army

  32. Bear Flag Revolt • Fighting in California against Mexican government • Led by John C. Fremont • Led to the formation of Republic of California

  33. John C. Fremont Leader of the Bear Flag Revolt

  34. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Signed Feb. 1848 • Mexico cedes to the U.S. what is called: • Mexican Cession • Included all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah as well as most of Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado • Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of the United States

  35. Gadsden Purchase 10 Million dollars to complete Manifest Destiny

  36. Joseph Smith 1805-1844 Founder of the Mormon Religion Killed by an angry mob in Carthage, Illinois June 1844

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