World After Rome

1. World After Rome Roman Empire does not vanish leaves three heirs Much of political, social, economic and intellectual structures borrowed by: Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Germanic West

2. Islamic Heirs • Least predictable of heirs • Arabian Peninsula: Large, turbulent, and contested area…no single control/never fully conquered by Persian empire or Roman empires

4. Mohammad • Born about 570 and dies in 632 A.D.-Late antiquity • Comes from old wealthy and well connected Meccan family-enters caravan trade • Retires to hills and caves outside of Mecca receives visits from angel Gabriel who teaches him about Allah • Preaches monotheistic, ethical and exclusive faith • Teachings contrary to traditional Arab religion • Mecca center of traditional religious world and Ka’aba • Hijra- 622 A.D. time dated from this moment the flight to Medina by Mohammad • lunar calendar not solar calendar

6. Muhammad’s Successor • Abraham, Jesus is a prophet and Muhammad is last prophet • After M’s death in 632 Sunnis and Shiites diverge in who should follow break ever since • Shiites want Ali….M’s cousin • Caliph-Sunni choice for successor to the prophet is Abu Bakr • Abu Bakr fights campaigns against those on Arabian peninsula who fall away after M’s death and expands to frontiers of India and China and across N.Africa and into Spain • Constantinople and Persia worn selves out, did not attack unified world against it, raiding warfare, need to expand the faith • Traditional teachings divide the world in two: For awhile Christians and Jews considered to be of the book and given privileged status…..do not need to convert

7. Basic Teachings • Know about teachings from Qu’ran, • (People have to make al-Islam or surrender to Allah • Mohammad does not write the Qu’ran words of Allah • 5 Pillars- Fasting (Ramadan), prayer (five), generous almsgiving, pilgrammage to Mecca, One god-Allah Muhammad is his prophet • No church or popes or Church Fathers • Community transcends national cultural borders etc.

8. Umayyads and Abbasids • 661 a new family of caliphs (soldiers from Syria) emerge and moved capital to Damascas • Abbasids in 750 move the capital again to Baghdad • Brilliant cultural achievements as Muslim scholars begin to tackle the Greek learning especially the philosophical and scientific works create something along lines of Alexandria as learning centers • Newly united people, universal faith, new holy book, and a culture deeply rooted in antiquity

10. Golden Age of Muslims • Achievements by Muslim scholars 750-1050 A.D. • Science glorified and developed under Muslim empires • Hadith-sayings of Prophet Muhammad • Establishment of paper first introduced in China and then Muslims learned how it was made and developed paper mill in Baghdad…book development • Arabic language of international scholarship • House of Wisdom saving of Greek and Egyptian texts scholar translators translate great think tank of medieval world • Al-jbra and 0 developed and quadratic equation

11. Barbarian Kingdoms in West • Invasions of Germanic peoples into Western Roman Empire transform Roman empire • Earliest Kingdoms Vandals in N. Africa-militant Arians who are defeated by Justinian • Ostrogoths- kingdom in Italy and C. Europe falls to Justinian tops on E. Roman agenda • Visigoths- kingdom in Spain driven back across Pyrenees by Franks, overrun by Muslim Caliphate in 711 • Future left to Franks and Anglo-Saxons

12. Anglo Saxons • Peoples people entering British Isles 400’s-600’s in the wake of Roman withdrawal • Build small political entities • History writes of seven kingdoms • Kings rule from impressive wooden halls, use scepters and issue coins, issue laws and documents • Awareness of political unity as first King of English in 8th century

14. Franks • Confederation of people first encountered by Romans in 250’s A.D. • Movement into and influence Roman Gaul • Franks defeat Visigoths, Burgundians, and move back into modern Germany • Converted directly from Paganism to Christianity and Frankish leaders ally with leading churchmen of Catholic Faith • Maintain Roman traditions of rule language is Latin

16. Development of Catholic Church • Christianization of Europe in 500-750 A.D. • Popes turn away from Med. World and turn toward political leaders of W. Europe • Emergence of Papal State as Popes become great patrons of art and learning • Church leaders can legislate for realms before Kings can do so • Bishops become key advisors to Kings • Monasteries spread all across Europe • M’s important centers of learning and Monks play key role in converting the people of country

17. Cultural Life • Learning in hands of Church • Purpose of education to foster salvation, not bring pleasure or liberal arts person or get jobs • Great centers of education in north of England • A people professing a universal faith, one holy book, thinking of self as chosen people, relationship with classical tradition • Subtle shift of power from South to North Europe

18. Carolingian Empire • Charles Martel confronts Muslim army at Poitiers/Tours in 732 and defeats Muslims • 751 Carolingians take over Frankish throne • Pippen III writes to Pope to ask if person who leads Franks should not be King….needs legitimacy • Charles the Great(Charlemagne) marks turning point in European history • Creates the Carolingian empire throughout modern France and Central Europe and rules for 46 yrs.

20. Charlemagne- 768-814 A.D. • Military campaigns restores large empire of most of central Europe fights fifty three campaigns and successful organizer- Kingdom of Europe • Institutional Reform and innovation- Royal court and couriers key players in govt./ building consensus • Annual Assembly of Franks • Close connections with Papacy • Attempts to attain uniformity in canon law, liturgy and worship and achieves a common culture in W. Europe • Most famous moment 800 A.D. imperial coronation of Charlemagne

22. 800 A.D. • Charlemagne coronated as emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in St. Peter’s Basilica • Idea of single ruler universal imperial tradition in Western Europe • Idea of Christendom born uniform and universalizing Western civilization • As emperor doesn’t do more than as King • Ideological pt. of view big deal idea of Christendom • Common historical and cultural imprint on a Western Europe mindset • Fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian elements

23. External Factors lead to Downfall • Muslims attack South through Italy • Magyars move into Europe from Asia • Vikings from Northern Europe have best ships of era and attack Britain and N. France able to go up rivers to spread fear and disorder • Some Vikings settled in Normandy region and other areas of Europe and become Christianized

24. Feudalism • Feudalism dominant organizing principle for most Euros in Early Middle Ages • Lords or Nobles own large areas of land called manors and need people to work and fight sign contracts • Vassals military people (Knight) who fight for Lord and in return are given land….agricultural society • Little trade in W. Europe as land determines wealth • Lords own land hire vassals to fight to protect manor have serfs who work the land….60% of population of W. Europe • Serfs legally bound to Land and can not leave • Lifestyle of peasant families in one room house

26. High Middle Ages • Population doubles • High amount of arable land • Farm rotation • Technological advances including use of iron and improved plows • Revival of trade, growth of towns, increased specialization come to characterize late middle ages

27. Trade Improvements • Church and secular leaders protect and encourage trade amongst peoples • Expansion of European trade outside of Europe • Revival of cities as merchants settle in urban areas • Castles created and around them new cities created

28. Crusades • 1095 Byzantine emperor asks for help against advancing Muslims • Challenge to Christians to recover the Holy Land • Noble warriors from across Christendom unite across Europe to go and win back Holy Land from Muslims • Christian success initially

30. Successive Crusades • New call for new Crusade to win back lost territories • Saladin leader of Muslims successfully takes back Jerusalem in 1187 • Further efforts to regain Holy Land end in failure • Affects for our world today…Muslims ready to see new Christian, Western crusades