HIGHFIELD HISTORY GCSE WORKBOOK RUSSIA DEPTH STUDY: Russia in Revolution 1917-1924 BIG Question:

1. HIGHFIELD HISTORY • GCSE WORKBOOK • RUSSIA DEPTH STUDY: • Russia in Revolution 1917-1924 • BIG Question: • How did the Bolsheviks manage to maintain control of Russia? • (GRADE B Booklet) • “Revolutions are always verbose.” • Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

2. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924 OUTLINE OF LEARNING

3. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924 GLOSSARY

4. April to October 1917 RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

5. LO To recall the April Thesis Explain the reasons for the collapse of the Provisional Government RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

6. April to October 1917 General Peter Wrangel went to St. Petersburg after the February Revolution and the creation of the Provisional Government. The first thing I noticed in Petersburg was the profusion of red ribbon. Everyone was decorated with it, not only soldiers, but students, chauffeurs, cab-drivers, middle-class folk, women, children, and many officers. Men of some account, such as old generals and former aides-de-camp to the Tsar, wore it too. I expressed my astonishment to an old comrade of mine at seeing him thus adorned. He tried to laugh it off, and said jokingly: "Why, my dear fellow, don't you know that it's the latest fashion?" I considered this ridiculous adornment absolutely useless. Throughout my stay in the capital I wore the Tsarevich's badge, the distinguishing mark of my old regiment, on my epaulettes, and, of course, I wore no red rag. Soon after the February Revolution the journalist Harold Williams interviewed Alexander Kerensky. Last week's ridiculous manifesto (Order No 1), issued in the name of the Council of Workmen's Deputies (the Soviet), calling on the soldiers not to obey their officers, Kerensky sharply characterized as an act of provocation. There had been a few instances of grave disturbance of discipline, but the Minister was confident that this phase would soon pass, together with the other eccentricities. He declared: "The general effect of the liberation will, I am convinced, be to give an immense uplift to the spirit of the troops, and so to shorten the war. We are for iron discipline in working hours, but out of working hours we want the soldiers to feel they are also free men.” Harold Williams, Daily Chronicle (4th March, 1917) The Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Deputies (the Soviet) is now an unwieldy body of over a thousand members elected by the workmen of all the factories and the soldiers of each company of the insurgent regiments. This body is swayed by Socialists, some of whom are moderate and reasonable, and realize all the complexity of the present situation, while others are extremists who are eager to give immediate effect to their doctrines. After meeting George Lvov, the British diplomat, George Buchanan, sent a report on their discussions to the Foreign Office (8th April, 1917) Lvov does not favour the idea of taking strong measures at present, either against the Soviet or the Socialist propaganda in the army. On my telling him that the Government would never be masters of the situation so long as they allowed themselves to be dictated to by a rival organization, he said that the Soviet would die a natural death, that the present agitation in the army would pass, and that the army would then be in a better position to help the Allies to win the war than it would have been under the old regime. Edward T. Heald, letter to his wife (2nd May, 1917) The sudden burst of radical propaganda, which has developed during the past week, is attributed to a man named Lenin who has just arrived from Switzerland. He came through Germany, and rumour is that he was banqueted by Emperor Wilhelm. As he entered the country through Finland, he harangued the soldiers and workingmen along the way with the most revolutionary propaganda. One of the Americans who came through on the same train told us how disheartening it was. Lenin's first words when he got off the train at Petrograd were "Hail to the Civil war." God knows what a task the Provisional Government has on hand without adding the trouble that such a firebrand can create. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

7. LO To recall the April Thesis Explain the reasons for the collapse of the Provisional Government Albert Rhys Williams described the arrival of troops to put down the Bolshevik uprising in July, 1917, in his book, Through the Russian Revolution. On the third day the troops arrive. Bicycle battalions, the reserve regiments, and then the long grim lines of horsemen, the sun glancing on the tips of their lances. They are the Cossacks, ancient foes of the revolutionists, bring dread to the workers and the joy to the bourgeoisie. The avenues are filled now with well-dressed throngs cheering the Cossacks, crying "Shoot the rabble". "String up the Bolsheviks". A wave of reaction runs through the city. Insurgent regiments are disarmed. The death penalty is restored. The Bolshevik papers are suppressed. Forged documents attesting the Bolsheviks as German agents are handled to the press. Leaders like Trotsky and Kollontai are thrown into prison. Lenin and Zinoviev are driven into hiding. In all quarters sudden seizures, assaults and murder of workingmen. During the summer of 1917 George Buchanan became concerned about the survival of the Provisional Government. The Russian idea of liberty is to take things easily, to claim double wages, to demonstrate in the streets, and to waste time in talking and in passing resolutions at public meetings. Ministers are working themselves to death, and have the best intentions; but, though I am always being told that their position is becoming stronger, I see no signs of their asserting their authority. The Soviet continues to act as if it were the Government. The military outlook is most discouraging. Nor do I take an optimistic view of the immediate future of the country. Russia is not ripe for a purely democratic form of government, and for the next few years we shall probably see a series of revolutions or counter-revolutions. A vast Empire like this, with all its different races, will not long hold together under a Republic. Disintegration will, in my opinion, sooner or later set in, even under a federal system. Harold Williams, Daily Chronicle (29th September, 1917) The Kornilov Affair has intensified mutual distrust and completed the work of destruction. The Government is shadowy and unreal, and what personality it had has disappeared before the menace of the Democratic Assembly. Whatever power there is again concentrated in the hands of the Soviets, and, as always happens when the Soviets secure a monopoly of power, the influence of the Bolsheviks has increased enormously. Kerensky has returned from Headquarters, but his prestige has declined, and he is not actively supported either by the right or by the left. Arthur Ransome was in Russia during the October Revolution. Before the end of August it was obvious that there would be a Bolshevik majority in the Soviets that would be reflected in the composition of the Executive Committee. During the 'July Days' the weakness of the Government had been manifest. Kerensky had been weakened by the double failure, military and diplomatic, disasters in Galicia and failure to bring the warring powers together in conference at Stockholm. Both these failures had brought new strength to the Bolsheviks, and a swing to the left was inevitable. TOP TIP for an B Grade – It’s essential to be able to explain why the Bolsheviks were popular, find events that are mentioned in BOLD to help you think through which events turned the Bolsheviks into a popular movement. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

8. HOMEWORK Source B: Russia’s losses in numbers. This was what Russia had to hand over to Germany under the terms of the treaty: • 34% of its population • 32% of its agricultural (farming) land • 54% of its industry (manufacturing) • 26% of its railways • 89% of its coalmines • A fine of 300 million gold roubles Source C: The diary entry of a German army officer named Herbert Sulzbach from the 3rd March 1918. ‘The final peace treaty has been signed with Russia. Our conditions are hard and severe, but our quite exceptional victories entitle us to demand these...there is still some justice left. [in the world].’ Activity: Imagine your are a Russian politician at the signing of the Brest– Litovsk Treaty. Write your own diary entry for the 3rd March 1918. In it include • The key terms of the Treaty • How you would feel about it (Upset? Angry?) Source A: A map of Russia. The shaded area shows the amount of land they were forced to hand over to Germany. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

9. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

10. The Bolshevik Revolution LO Describe the events of October 1917 Explain why the Bolsheviks exaggerated the storming of the Winter Palace RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

11. The Russian Civil War RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

12. LO Explain why there were divisions in Russia after the Revolution Explain the purpose of a political cartoon • Do you think this cartoon was published by the Bolsheviks or their opponents? What inferences can you make about the cartoon? What can you see in the cartoon? A cartoon published in 1919. The figures at the back represent foreign governments (The USA, France and Britain) and the dogs represent the White Russian generals. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

13. HOMEWORK • Why was this cartoon produced? What inferences can you make about the cartoon? What can you see in the cartoon? RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

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15. War Communism LO Explain why War Communism was used Judge the success of War Communism RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

16. The Role of Trotsky RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

17. LO Describe Trotsky’s Civil War career Judge the reliability of a written source RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

18. The end of the Romanovs LO Recall the events surrounding the deaths of the Romanov family Explain why the Romanovs were assassinated RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

19. The NEP (New Economic Plan) LO Describe the NEP Compare the NEP with Communism RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

20. The death of Lenin RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

21. LO Evaluate the impact of Lenin’s death on Communism Explain what Lenin had wanted for the future of the USSR HOPES FEARS RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

22. EXTENSION TASK Does the source fully explain why the Provisional Government failed? KEY WORD: MUTINY - when a soldier fights against his own leaders • What other reasons are there to explain why the Provisional Government failed? • TOP TIP – ANY QUESTION ABOUT THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT – ALWAYS THINK PEACE, BREAK AND LAND (THE APRIL THESIS) – WHICH OF THESE DOES THIS SOURCE RELATE TO, WHICH ONES DOES IT NOT RELATE TO? What own knowledge can you add to this statement? Highlight the text that helps to answer the question RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924

23. RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1917-1924