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CUES TO DEPTH PERCEPTION. Binocular cues Monocular cues. BINOCULAR CUES. Valuable only when object is close. Each eye has a slightly different view. MONOCULAR CUES. Object seen as one picture. Are derived from experience. GEOMETRIC PERSPECTIVES. Vertical position in the field.
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CUES TO DEPTH PERCEPTION • Binocular cues • Monocular cues
BINOCULAR CUES • Valuable only when object is close. • Each eye has a slightly different view.
MONOCULAR CUES • Object seen as one picture. • Are derived from experience
GEOMETRIC PERSPECTIVES Vertical position in the field Linear perspectives Apparent foreshortening
RETINAL IMAGE SIZE • Known size of objects. • Increasing of decreasing size of objects. • Terrestrial association. • Overlapping contours.
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE When distant information can be gained by the clarity of an object or by the shadow it casts.
MOTION PARALLAX • Very important cue to depth perception. • Relative motion/stationary objects. • Rate depends on the distance of the object.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #8 • Action: Identify visual illusions. • Condition: Given a list. Standard: IAW FM 1-301, FM 8-2, and TC 1-204.
GENERAL INFORMATION • The most reliable senses. • Misinterpretation of what is seen. • Spatial disorientation.
RELATIVE MOTION ILLUSION • Motion between you and a moving object. • Confusion as to who is moving.
FALSE VERTICAL ILLUSION Misinterpretation of the horizon
STRUCTURAL ILLUSION • Curved glass, heat waves, rain, snow, sleet, or other disturbance. • Disturbance/distortion.
AUTOKINETIC ILLUSION • Lack of visual references. • Off center vision and scanning pattern.
SIZE DISTANCE • False perception of distance from an object on the ground or in the air. • Misinterprets an unfamiliar object’s size to be the same as an object they are normally accustomed to viewing.
FASCINATION/FIXATION • Pilot concentrates on hitting target. • Pilot forgets to fly aircraft. • Flies into target or ground.
REVERSIBLE PERSPECTIVE ILLUSION • Can occur at night. • An aircraft flying parallel course toward your aircraft. • Observe the aircraft lights. • Perform corrective actions as needed.
ALTERED PLANES OF REFERENCES • Approaching a line of clouds or mountains. • Climb in altitude. • Tend to tilt away from the clouds.
SCOTOPIC VISION • Night vision • Peripheral vision (rods only) • Acuity degraded 20/200 color blind • Off center viewing to compensate blind spot
FACTORS AFFECTING DARK ADAPTATION • Photo sensitivity of the eye • Cones- contains chemical
PROBLEM WITH RED LIGHTNING • No longer use • Blue / green lights • Focus behind retina, causing fatigue • Seen at great distance • Creates glare • Bleaches color in map
PROTECT NIGHT VISION • Sunglasses • Adjust cockpit light lowest readable level • Turn off exterior light • Close on eye • Supplemental oxygen
PROPER VIEWING TECHNIQUE • Scanning • Off-center viewing
SCANNING STOP-TURN-STOP-TURN
OFF-CENTER VIEWING View object by looking 10 degree above, below, or to either side.