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SPATIAL ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS

SPATIAL ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS . USSR Population (Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII; Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home). Despite Annexations! . Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars. “State Socialism”. Central planning of

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SPATIAL ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS

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  1. SPATIAL ECONOMYAND DEMOGRAPHICS

  2. USSR Population(Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII;Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home) Despite Annexations! Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars

  3. “State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy” • Guaranteed job, low rents, health care, daycare, etc. • Heavy industrialization to catch up to West • Forced collectivization of private farmlands

  4. Mutually dependent/ not self-sufficient Industrial regions • Ukraine (Donbass) • Urals • Siberia (Kuzbass) Urals Ukraine(Donbass) Siberia(Kuzbass)

  5. Donbass & Kuzbass Donbass coal fields, E. Ukraine/ Russia bank of Don. Coal/steel region since 1870s Kuzbass coal fields, W. Siberia

  6. Russian urban population • Soviets favored large industry over farms & cities • Moscow 30% industrial; Paris only 5% • Urbanization but without urban services/transit/life • Prefab worker apartment blocs / housing shortages

  7. Soviet bloc city Budapest, Hungary

  8. Russian urban populationOverwhelmingly in largest cities

  9. Russian migration • Soviet controls over movement, travel • Encouraged moves to big cities, labor shortage areas, frontier zones • Skilled Russians move to other republics, frontier • 3 mil. Russians moved back to Russia, 1990s

  10. Soviet ruraleconomy • At first divided aristocrats’/ church estates for peasants • Stalin forced collectivization of private farms • Consolidated farmland into Kolkhoz (Cooperative Farm) and Sovkhoz (State Farm), like large estates • Same in E. Europe 1950s (except Poland, Yugo.)

  11. Drawbacks of Soviet agriculture • Stalin murdered Kulaks (well-off peasants), 1930s • Peasants had low status, little incentive • Command agriculture irrational, favored larger towns; Ended up importing food by 1980s

  12. Gorbachev’s rural changes • Broke state land monopoly, allowed private leases and withdrawals from state farms • Sell the land? Losing Mir (rural commune) tradition • Fears of food insecurity, new rural elite, lack of training

  13. Results ofrural changes • Millions of private farms (esp. in south) • But state farms/coops keep 75% of land, with more democracy, shareholding, efficiency • Interdependence of old state farms, new private • Some old estates revived in E. Europe; and some corporate agribusiness

  14. Close command industries • Reduce or end subsidies • Pass burden to renters • Privatize industrial economy; • benefit new entrepeneurs • High unemployment, • inflation, inequality “Shock therapy”

  15. Winning regions • Hub regions • - Government/transportation centers. High-tech industries • - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Urals • Gateway regions • - Outward looking/ trade-oriented • - Vladivostok, Murmansk, Kaliningrad

  16. Losing regionsHuge gaps in prices, income, roads • Command military-industrial / coal regions • State agricultural regions • Remote natural resource (non-oil) • Ethnic minority regions in conflict

  17. Favorable regions of Russia

  18. Unfavorable regions of Russia

  19. Russian agricultural employment

  20. Communist vote in 1995 Duma election Agricultural zone; older population. Nationalist zones bordering Muslims, East Asians

  21. Russian industrial employment

  22. Reform party vote in 1995 Duma election Educated urban areas; Mixed industry-agriculture; North, east less serfdom history

  23. Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006 Male Female Effects of war, poor male health

  24. Russian birth rate

  25. Russian death rate

  26. U.S. Baby BoomUSSR instead had “echo busts” slowing growth in 1960s, 1980s EchoBoom Baby Boom (1946-1964) Baby Bust (1965-1980)

  27. Russian life expectancyMen dying from alcohol, drugs, accidents, crime;Male life expectancy now like parts of Third World

  28. Russia’s population decline Population decline for first time since WWII; Worries about aging population, labor shortages; Larger families in Muslim regions but not as many industrial workers

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