Sprints (100m, 200m, 400m)

1. Sprints (100m, 200m, 400m) Shelia Burrell Sprints, Hurdles, Jumps Coach GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY Washington, DC

2. Acknowledgements • Cliff Rovelto – Head Coach Kansas State University • Gary Winkler – Former Head Coach University of Illinois • Tony Wells – Colorado Flyers Track Club • Bob Kersee – Former Head Coach UCLA, Olympic Coach • Tudor Bompa – Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training • Todd Henson – Former Coach Olympic Silver Medalist in Pole Vault, Toby Stevenson. Currently Director of Athletic Development in Germany • Vince Anderson – Assistant Coach Texas A & M University • Ralph Mann – The Mechanics of Sprinting and Hurdling

3. YOU MUST HAVE A PLAN • A bad plan is better than no plan at all….. At least you are going in a direction. • “people perish for lack of vision” • With no plan you go no where…. • “those who know whywill always be victorious over those who only know how” • Sound training principles and good intuition will make up for places of faulty planning. • “in all your getting get an understanding” • Know what works for you… Continually tweak and develop your own system that fits your coaching style. • “eat the fish and spit out the bones”

4. My Philosophy • Those who know WHY will always be victorious over those who only know HOW • If you are going to run fast…. Then run fast.

5. Training Inventory • Acceleration 0 – 30m • Maximum Velocity 30m – 60m • Speed Endurance 60m – 600m • Conditioning Aerobic, Muscular, Core, General Strength. • GENERAL STRENGTH IS THE ABILITY TO OVERCOME THE RESISTANCE OF YOUR OWN BODY • Specifically address role of specific “sprint muscles” – Gluteals, Hamstrings' and gastroc/soleus complex

6. Training Inventory • Strength Eccentric, Concentric, Static, Elastic and Dynamic • ABILITY TO APPLY FORCE • POWER = FORCE X VELOCITY • Sprint Mechanics Front Side Mechanics • Flexibility/Mobility Hip Mobility, Dynamic Flexibility • Psychological Awareness, Intrinsic Motivation, Ability to focus

7. Types of Sprinters SPEED TYPES (100m,200m) STRENGTH TYPES (200m,400m, 800m)

8. S P E E D Development • Speed has TWO and ONLY two components • Stride Length • Stride Frequency To improve speed, one or both of these components must increase. Find the athletes optimal stride length and stride frequency. Because of Anthropometric difference (height, leg length, body build) you have to decide which component will give you the most bang for your buck. It is possible to improve one at the expense of the other and still see significant improvement. All efforts of improve stride length and stride frequency must be taught within the parameter of sound technique. ***Never let training stray away from your pursuit of happiness, i.e. SPEED and more SPEED. You don’t run slow to run fast, your run fast to run faster!

9. Acceleration • I agree with Vince Anderson that it is very important to teach all athletes how to run 100m even if they will never run the 100m. • In the 2004 Olympic Games, Pole Vault Silver Medalist Toby Stevenson spent the previous year improving his acceleration mechanics and max speed. • All acceleration activities in the sprints, hurdles and jumps are a variation of the 100m pattern.** • Acceleration mechanics and power development go together. The more powerfully an athlete can apply force to the track the better their acceleration will be. • Acceleration is POWERFUL not “quick”. As most developing athletes are learning how to accelerate they always say “but that feels slower.” • To accelerate optimally, the athlete must learn how to powerfully extend completely from the hips through the shoulders. • Make your athletes STRONGER and you will improve their ability to accelerate. Both specific strength and overall strength is necessary.

10. Acceleration • Posture and Rhythm – Always enforce good posture and teach a sense of rhythm. • Even as your athletes get stronger and more powerful their rhythm and body position during the acceleration phase never change. • For example as they start covering more ground in the first 0 – 5 steps the rhythm should remain the same. • An efficient high school athlete vs. Walter Dix, both of their rhythms can be the same but Dix covers more distance with each step therefore runs faster.

11. One way to teach good Acceleration Mechanics • The only acceleration pattern chart that allows you to train at lower intensities and models progressive acceleration rhythms is Vince Anderson’s Chart for Progressive Acceleration. • Distances are competition specific ranging from a 13 second 100m rhythm to a 10.10 second rhythm. • Acceleration Rhythm for Long Jump (17’0” feet to 28’6” feet) and Pole Vault (16’6” feet to 19’6” feet) are also outlined. • Charts are Available during Clinic

12. Acceleration

14. What to Look For • Full extension of knee, hip and shoulder (Hip Extension) • Front shin angle as it relates to body angle. You want to see a straight line from support leg to head. • Recovering shin angle should be less than parallel to ground for first 3 steps • Cue – “ push push push” “bomp bomp bomp”

15. Posture • Push-Push-Push

16. How to develop Strength & Power for Acceleration • Specifics- Acceleration is determined by the strength qualities of the prime movers and the angle of the body in relation to the track.
 • To develop explosive muscular strength, the most important quality to possess is high levels of maximal strength. There is no conflict between the possession of maximal strength and the application of dynamic strength. A higher level of max strength allows an athlete to readily obtain dynamic strength. • 1. Short Hills (10m-40m) • 2. Sled Pulls or Drags • 3. Weight Training - Develop max strength in the prime movers. • 4. Standing Long Jumps • 5. Sprints (10-60m) • 6. Box Jumps • 7. Speed Squats • 8. Limited Depth Jumps (Timing important)

17. Max Speed In maximum speed sprinting the following muscles are responsible for hip extension: the gluteal muscles, the adductor muscles, the hamstrings. Max Speed Mechanics Toe-up Heel up Thigh up Hips Tall Step over the opposite knee

18. Drills • Ankling “Toe Up” • Heel Raise “Heel Up” • Quick Leg “Thigh Up” • Single • Alternating • Double • Continuous • Shorter Than Drill “Hips up” • Longer Than Drill “Full extension” • Straight Leg Bounds “Force Production” • Speed Bounds “Recovery Speed”

19. Training Principle • Use Drills and exercises that utilize the same muscles and forces used in the actual event

20. Ankling

21. Heel Raise

22. Quick Leg

23. Left Left / Right RightQuick Leg

25. Support Phase • Muscles responsible for stabilizing the body. The quadriceps and gastrocnemius are responsible for arresting the body during the stance phase of the max speed. • A goal is to decrease ground contact time during this phase. Athlete must contact the ground with the foot in front of their center of mass. “Underneath you” • Athletes who can produce equal relative “negative” foot speed in relation to how fast they are running, decrease the braking forces at contact.

26. Recovery Phase • The recovery is dominated by hip flex action of the free leg. The hip flexion at maximal sprint technique is controlled by the rectus abdominal, iliopsoas, and rectus femoris. The major muscles involved in max speed. • Of all the performance variables upper leg rotational speed is the most critical in sprint performance. Frequency! This speed is critical in recovering the leg after takeoff and producing the beneficial “high knee” position. (Ralph Mann)

27. Take Off • The prime movers of the Take -off in max speed technique are the erector spinae, hamstrings and gastrocnemius. • Full extension at take off to get the most out of the ground has been shown NOT to increase performance times. The small increase in force is not worth the decrease in stride frequency. • The key to high knee recovery is to limit the leg extension action after take off. (Ralph Mann) • Analogy of riding a skate board. Tap Tap Tap

28. Full Extension/Flight Phase • The key to high level sprint performance is emphasizing “FRONT SIDE” Mechanics and minimizing “Back Side” Mechanics. • Muscles responsible during full extension of max speed: Gluteus Maximus, Rectus Abdominis, Hamstrings, Internal & External Oblique. • Maximize force production at the ankle, knee, and hip. • John Smith describes this phase as “Jumping down the track”. Force production at contact determines stride length.

29. Women’s 60 meter

30. Women’s 60 meter

31. Tasks to Develop Max Speed • Flying 30m’s (5min rest) • Run in is based on ability of athlete to achieve maximum speed usually 15-35m • Teach athlete to sprint RELAXED. Focus on feeling what their body is doing. • Flying 60m’s • “Six second rule” – after six seconds its impossible to run any faster in a 100m. • Downhill running (2-5% grade) • Over Speed Training • Shorter Than drill • Longer Than Drill • Flying 30s w/ weight vest • Sprint-Float-Sprint or Float-Sprint-Float • Power technique – Activator Belt • Sprint Drills

32. Speed Endurance(200m-400m) • Speed endurance is an athletes ability to maintain high levels of speed for long periods of time. • One approach is to develop Maximum Speed over short distances and stretch it out over longer distances while maintaining high level of speed. • **The higher the maximum speed your athlete can attain, the faster they will be able to run when performing at sub-maximal efforts.** • Max speed can be held for about 10m-40m. (90-100% effort) • Speed Endurance is trained in the 60m-150m zone (90-100% effort) • Special Endurance (Long Speed Endurance) is trained in the 150m-300m zone. (80-100% effort) • Special Endurance (Lactic Acid Tolerance) is trained in the 300m-600m zone. (80-100%) • KEEP THE INTENSITY OF WORK BETWEEN SUB-MAXIMUM AND MAXIMUM. Allow the athlete to run as far as their technique will allow.

33. Examples of Speed Endurance • Long Speed Endurance (Intensive Tempo) • Lactacid power and capacity • 5-6 x 250m (4’-5’), 3-4 x 500m (5’-6’); 300/200, 300/100, 250/150 (60”; 6-10’ between sets) • Intensity: 80-89% • Runs greater than 80m • Recovery: 30 sec to 6 min • Volume: 800 – 2400m

34. Examples of Speed Endurance Do enough Intensive Tempo Intervals (Lactacid Capacity) before Special Endurance Intervals (Lactacid Power). (80-90% short rest, 95% full rest) Short Speed Endurance • 4x4x60m (2-3’;4-6’); 6 x 120m (3’) • Alactic Power and Capacity... Emphasis is on speed • 4x4x60m (1’-1:30’, 5’), 2x4x90m (1:30’, 5-6’) Glycolytic power and Capacity workout when you decrease the rest to 60-90”, 5-6’ recovery. Emphasizes speed in higher state of fatigue

35. Pay Attention • When mechanics fail, the quality of speed endurance running will not be enhanced

36. Maximum Volume Ranges Speed 100m 500m max 200m/100mh 800m max 400m 900m max Speed Endurance 100m/200m/100h 800m max 400m/400ih 1800m max

37. Training Principles • Speed and Endurance should be developed together. • Develop speed over increasing distances • Speed should precede Endurance within in a workout.

39. Most Bang for your $$ • MEAN IMPROVEMENTS IN RACING TIMES METHOD100M400M800M • Long & Steady 0.10 2.60 6.30 • Fartlek 0.15 2.05 7.65 • Long Sprints 0.20 3.90 8.40 • Interval Sprints 0.20 3.40 7.80 • Interval Series 0.20 2.95 8.00 • Endurance Intervals 0.10 1.95 7.50 • Pace Intervals 0.303.60 11.05 • Uphill Intervals 0.303.85 12.85 • Combinations 0.25 3.30 9.35

40. 100m Race Model

41. 100 Race Model

42. 200m Race Model • 0 – 60m Accelerate “Get out” take advantage of 6-7 secs of ATP • 60-90m Transition “Relax/Maintain” but don’t slow down. Take a breath • 90 – 150m Accelerate “Surge” off the turn. Open up increase stride length, cover ground, relax upper body, take a breath • 150-200m Short and quick, increase frequency, drive elbows back, stay forward.

43. Task Specific Drills • Specific Drills • Straight Leg Bounds to dynamically strengthen gluteus and upper hamstrings as it relates to actual sprint cycle - • Speed Bounds to develop Hip/Flexor and Hip Extensor Strength and teaches correct cycling – Dynamic Strength • Shorter Than Drill to develop stride frequency and front side mechanics • Longer Than Drill to develop stride length and teach how to push from track to get stride length WITHOUT overextension • Lunges (LOTS OF LUNGES) contributes to Acceleration, flexibility, stride length, strength/muscular endurance, hip mobility/flexibility – Static Strength • Long Hills/Stairs Workouts help in developing strength endurance and/or power development, ground contact time - Dynamic Strength • Strength Circuits use in general preparation as part of general conditioning. Be sure to include exercises that condition specific muscles involved in sprinting.

44. Task Specific Drills Specific Drills - Short Hills/Sled Pulls/ Bullet Belt helps teach and develop acceleration mechanics, hip flexor and extensor strength - Hurdle Hops/Straight Leg Hurdle Hops, Single leg hurdle hops develop hip flexor and extensor strength, ground contact, - Sand Routines (barefoot) excellent for developing foot strength, lower leg endurance, elasticity and stability, power, acceleration, muscular endurance - Multiple Throws (A MUST) helps with power development and serves as a low level plyometric exercise. Teaches motor firing patterns, • Multiple Jumps : ex) Skip for height, skip for distance, double leg hops fwd and bkwd, single hops, LLRR, Lunge exchange. Explosive Strength, Acceleration • Balance Stability/ Core/ Physioball – If not incorporating core in your training programs start now! Contributes to athletes ability to hold positions and correct posture. Good core strength clears pathway for force application. Corrects imbalances and some biomechanical weaknesses. • Ins and Outs, Sprint –Float – Sprint – Helps with breathing techniques and teaching how to run relaxed while focusing on mechanics.