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Chapter 5: Adolescence

Chapter 5: Adolescence. Module 5.2 Cognitive Development in Adolescence. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. Cognitive Development. Approaches Piaget Information processing Adolescent egocentrism. 276. Piagetian Perspective. Fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages

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Chapter 5: Adolescence

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  1. Chapter 5: Adolescence Module 5.2 Cognitive Development in Adolescence

  2. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

  3. Cognitive Development Approaches • Piaget • Information processing • Adolescent egocentrism 276

  4. Piagetian Perspective • Fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages • Fundamentally different than child thinking • Utilized in variety of settings and situations 276

  5. Concrete operations 6-11 years Mastery of logic Development of rational thinking Formal operations 11+ years Development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning Development of propositional logic Piagetian Stages Related to Youth Development 277

  6. Developmental of Formal Operations • Emergent • Early adolescence • Variable usage depends on conditions surrounding assessment • Established • Late adolescence • Consolidated and integrated into general approach to reasoning 277

  7. Pros Catalyst for much research Accounts for many changes observed during adolescence Helps explain Developmental differences Multidimensionality Metacognition Cons Fails to prove Stage like fashion of cognition FO is adolescent cognitive stage Fails to account for variability Between children Within child Within specific situations Piaget…Pros and Cons 278

  8. Information Processing View • Study of cognitive development in component processes • Incorporates same techniques to understanding human reasoning that computer scientists employ in writing programs 279

  9. Changes in Information Processing • Gains during adolescence help to explain developmental differences in abstract, multidimensional, and hypothetical thinking 279

  10. Changes Include five basic areas: • Attention • Memory • Information processing speed • Organizational strategies • Metacognition 279

  11. Thinking about Thinking… Metacognition improves during adolescence • Thinks about own thoughts self-consciousness • Monitors own learning processes more efficiently • Paces own studying 279

  12. Adolescent Egocentrism • Imaginary audience • Personal fables • Assessment methodology 280

  13. How do adolescents connect using technology? • E-mails • Instant messages (IMs) • Web logs (blogs) • Websites • Chat rooms • Cell phones • Camcorders 285

  14. Review and Apply REVIEW • Adolescence corresponds to Piaget’s formal operations period, a stage characterized by abstract reasoning and an experimental approach to problems. • According to the information processing perspective, the cognitive advances of adolescence are quantitative and gradual, involving improvements in many aspects of thinking and memory. Improved metacognition enables the monitoring of thought processes and of mental capacities. 282

  15. Review and Apply REVIEW • Adolescents are susceptible to adolescent egocentrism and the perception that an imaginary audience is constantly observing their behavior. They also construct personal fables that stress their uniqueness and immunity to harm. 282

  16. School Performance

  17. True or False? Grades awarded to high school students have shifted upward in the last decade.

  18. Socioeconomic Status and School Performance Individual Differences in Achievement • Children living in poverty lack many advantages • Later school success builds heavily on basic skills presumably learned or not learned early in school 283

  19. Ethnic and Racial Differences in School Achievement • Significant achievement differences between ethnic and racial groups • On average, African American and Hispanic students tend to perform at lower levels, receive lower grades, and score lower on standardized tests of achievement than Caucasian students • Asian American students tend to receive higher grades than Caucasian students 283

  20. What is the source of such ethnic and racial differences in academic achievement?

  21. Cyberspace: Adolescents Online 285

  22. The Downside of Click • Objectionable material available • Growing problem of Internet gambling • Safety • Digital divide 285

  23. Dropping Out of School • Incidence • Causes • Consequences 285

  24. Review and Apply REVIEW • Academic performance is linked in complex ways to socioeconomic status and to race and ethnicity. • Both gender and ethnicity affect the incidence of dropping out. 286

  25. Review and Apply REVIEW • The educational benefits of the Internet are many, but it also introduces adolescents to objectionable material and online gambling. 286

  26. Review and Apply APPLY • What sorts of external factors (i.e. not attributable to the students) might negatively affect the performance of U.S. students on international achievement tests? 286

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