Section III Expand Your Horizon

1. Section III Expand Your Horizon Collegiate Sports in America Unlike in the rest of the world, in the United States today , many college sports are extremely popular on both regional and national scales, in many cases competing with professional championships for prime broadcast and print coverage, and for the top athletes.

2. Section III Expand Your Horizon The average university will play at least twenty different sports and offer a wide variety of intramural sports as well. In total, there are approximately 400, 000 men and women student-athletes that participate in sanctioned athletics each year. Intercollegiate athletics in the United States has come to be regarded as higher education's “peculiar institution.”

3. Section III Expand Your Horizon The history of collegiate sports in American life can be traced from Native Americans‐who engaged in perhaps the first team sport on the continent, lacrosse to the games and sports brought to North America by immigrants, especially Europeans, who settled in the New World. The earliest sporting practices in the United States, particularly in colleges, were most influenced by British sporting practices brought to this country by the colonists.

4. Section III Expand Your Horizon The male students in colleges first played team games as extracurricular diversions from their studies and the rigid and confining rules of the mostly religiously oriented schools. The sports were usually played as class competitions, and although less organized and controlled than today's sports, they were similar to modern intramural sports programs.

5. Section III Expand Your Horizon The earliest sports that developed in the male colleges were student organized, governed, and controlled. Because only the wealthier people could afford to attend college, it was they who were privileged to engage in sports. And because only males were allowed to attend institutions of higher education before the 1850s, sports for women developed later and with an entirely different purpose.

6. Section III Expand Your Horizon Intercollegiate sports for men began in 1852 with a rowing contest between Harvard and Yale. That first contest was sponsored by a railroad company, and men's intercollegiate sports from that first encounter have been as much related to commercial enterprise as to educational endeavor. After that Yale versus Harvard rowing contest, a New York newspaper predicted that intercollegiate sports would “make little stir in a busy world.” The first collegiate baseball game was between Amherst and Williams in 1859, and the first football game was between Princeton and Rutgers in 1869.

7. Section III Expand Your Horizon From the 1870s through the end of the century, men's collegiate sports continued to expand on college campuses until its influence threatened to create an anti-intellectual climate in colleges around the country. It was only after many injuries and deaths in American sports, particularly football, that administrative control became imperative.

8. Section III Expand Your Horizon There were also other problems associated with athletics that plagued college administrators, such as students missing class for games, students enrolling in only one class and being eligible to compete, and charges of cheating and professionalism that sullied colleges' reputations. In 1906 the NCAA（the National Collegiate Athletic Association）① was founded. It called for the formation of conferences, better equipment, rules and regulations for player eligibility, and educators as coaches.

9. Section III Expand Your Horizon In the earliest years of intercollegiate athletics, students had acted as their own coaches and managers. As spectators and gate receipts became a regular part of college games, more experienced and talented people were needed to direct the teams. Students were slowly replaced by temporary or professional coaches, who were brought in only during the season of the sport, and most of these coaches were former athletes, who had little if any educational background.

10. Section III Expand Your Horizon These early coaches, usually hired by students, were eventually replaced by college professors. The NCAA played a role in bringing fledgling athletics into the physical education fold. These changes had an important effect on the field of physical education.

11. Section III Expand Your Horizon Visitors to an American campus cannot help but be struck by the physical presence of the intercollegiate athletics enterprise. In the twenty-first century, it is not unusual for a major university campus to contain both a football stadium that seats 70,000 spectators and a basketball arena that accommodates audiences of 20,000. The success and pervasiveness of college sports described was not inevitable, but is the result of particular innovations and episodes over the past 150 years.

12. Section III Expand Your Horizon 美国大学体育 与世界其他地方不同的是，在当今美国，许多大学体育运动不论是在当地还是在全国范围内都十分流行。在许多情况下，大学体育运动员还与获得竞赛冠军的专业运动员同场竞技，为了能得到媒体广播的报道，也为了选出顶尖运动员。

13. Section III Expand Your Horizon 一般来说，一所大学基本都会举办至少20种不同的体育运动并且提供一系列广泛的校内运动选择。每年，一共大约有40万的男女学生运动员参加正规的体育赛事。美国不同大学的体育运动员被大家称为高等教育下独特的团体。

14. Section III Expand Your Horizon 美国大学体育运动的历史可以追溯到北美土著居民，他们可能是北美第一批参与体育团队运动——曲棍球的人们，之后移民者，尤其来到北美定居的欧洲人，便将其他各类体育运动带进北美。美国最早的体育活动，特别是大学体育活动，受英国殖民者所带来的体育活动影响最大。

15. Section III Expand Your Horizon 大学中的男生首先组队进行体育活动，作为学习之余的课外娱乐，也能暂时忘却宗教学校里那些严格、限制诸多的规矩。体育活动通常作为班级间的竞赛进行。尽管组织不如当今体育比赛严谨细致，它们却与现代的校园体育十分类似。

16. Section III Expand Your Horizon 在男校发展得最早的体育活动是由学生策划、组织的。因为只有较为富裕的家庭才能供孩子上大学，所以他们可以享受体育活动。并且由于在19世纪50年代之前只有男性才被允许接受高等教育这一原因，女性体育运动发展较晚且目的大不相同。

17. Section III Expand Your Horizon 大学间的男生体育竞技始于1852年哈佛和耶鲁两校之间的划船比赛。第一次竞赛由一家铁路公司赞助，那次之后，大学间的体育竞技更多的成了一种商业事业而不是教育尝试。在哈佛与耶鲁的划船竞技比赛之后，一家纽约的报刊便预测说大学间的体育比赛在这个纷繁的世界很难激起水花。1859年第一届大学间的棒球比赛双方是艾姆赫斯特学院和威廉姆斯学院，1869年第一届足球赛的对阵双方是普林斯顿和罗格斯。

18. Section III Expand Your Horizon 从19世纪70年代到19世纪末，大学间的男生体育运动持续发展直到其被认作在大学校园内营造了一种反知识分子的氛围。正是在美国体育中发生了大量的伤亡事件，特别是在足球中，才使得当局的介入控制变得迫在眉睫。

19. Section III Expand Your Horizon 其他许多与运动员有关的问题也困扰着学校管理者，如翘课，只选修一门课以获得时间参与体育活动等，还比如作弊等行为都损害了学校的声誉。1906年，美国全国大学体育协会创立。它号召形成会议机制，强调更好的比赛配备、规则以及教练的教育身份。

20. Section III Expand Your Horizon 在大学间体育竞技的最早期，学生们既是自己的教练也是自己的领导。随着观众和入场券成为大学体育比赛的一部分，团队更加需要有经验、有水平的教练来进行指导。短期的或者职业的教练逐渐取代了学生教练，他们只在比赛季才参与指导。这些教练中的绝大部分人先前都是职业运动员，几乎都没有教育背景，就算有，也只有一点。

21. Section III Expand Your Horizon 这些早期的教练，一般都是学生雇来的，最终也逐渐被大学教授所取代。美国全国大学体育协会将许多无经验的运动员引入体育教育行业。这些改变都对体育教育影响深远。

22. Section III Expand Your Horizon 参观美国大学的游客们都情不自禁被其体育运动行业的规模所吸引。在21世纪，一所重点大学有可以容纳70000人的足球场和20000人的篮球场，这已经十分寻常。大学体育的成功和流行并不总会发生，但其的确是过去150年独特创新和发展的结果。

23. Section III Expand Your Horizon Practice What You Learnt Task 1 Comprehension Check Choose the best answer according to the text.

24. Section III Expand Your Horizon Compare with the rest of other countries, what's the feature of American college sports? A. In America, many college sports are extremely popular only in the national scales, in many cases competing with professional championships for prime broadcast and print coverage, and for the top athletes. B. In America, many college sports are not popular on both regional and national scales, none of cases competing with professional championships for prime broadcast and print coverage, and for the top athletes.

25. Section III Expand Your Horizon C. In America, many college sports are extremely popular on both regional and national scales, in many cases competing with professional championships for prime broadcast and print coverage, and for the top athletes. D. In America, many college sports are extremely popular only in the national scales, none of cases competing with professional championships for prime broadcast and print coverage, and for the top athletes. Answer C

26. Section II Store Your Bricks What influenced earliest college sporting practices in the United States? A. The earliest sporting practices in the United States, particularly in colleges, were most influenced by British sporting practices brought to this country by the colonists. B. The earliest sporting practices in the United States were most influenced by immigrants from Mexico, who settled in the New World.

27. Section II Store Your Bricks C. The earliest sporting practices in the United States were most influenced by immigrants from North America. D. The earliest sporting practices in the United States were most influenced by Indian sporting practices brought to this country by the colonists. Answer A

28. Section III Expand Your Horizon Why the earliest sports developed in the male colleges that student organized, governed, and controlled? A. Because only the males could afford to attend college and only them were allowed to attend institutions of higher education before the 1860s. B. Because only the wealthier people could afford to attend college and only they were not allowed to attend institutions of higher education until the 1850s.

29. Section III Expand Your Horizon C. Because only the males could afford to attend college and only males were not allowed to attend institutions of higher education until the 1850s. D. Because only the wealthier people could afford to attend college and only males were allowed to attend institutions of higher education before the 1850s. D Answer

30. Section III Expand Your Horizon Which problem was not associated with athletics that plagued college administrators from the 1870s through the end of the century? A. Students missing class for games. B. Students' reluctance to take part in sports. C. Many injuries and deaths in American sports. D. Charges of cheating and professionalism. Answer B

31. Section III Expand Your Horizon Which of the following statements is UNTRUE? A. Intercollegiate sports for men began in 1852 with a rowing contest between Harvard and Yale. B. Females were not allowed to attend institutions of higher education before the 1850s. C. Native Americans may be the earliest ancestor for collegiate sports in American life. D. In the earliest years of intercollegiate athletics, students were quickly replaced by temporary or professional coaches. Answer D

32. Section III Expand Your Horizon Task 2 Vocabulary and Sentences (1)Replace the italicized words with the words or phrases given in the box. Change the form if necessary.

33. Section III Expand Your Horizon You could be _________ for a university scholarship. click eligible Who would want to _______the reputation of the nicest girl in school? click sully She watches that programme ___________. religiously click In college, I filled my days with studying _____________ sports, and clubs. click intramural

34. Section III Expand Your Horizon Section III Expand Your Horizon plagued click She was __________ by weakness, fatigue, and dizziness. The business was built up largely through the __________ of his mother. click endeavor Finger painting is very messy but an excellent __________. click diversion I had not seen her since our brief __________ two years before. click encounted

35. Section III Expand Your Horizon Section III Expand Your Horizon They_______ him as a member of the club. enroll click Job creation has become an __________ for the government. imperative click The 1933 national ___________ football championship was won by Michigan. click Collegiate _________ from Europe populated many parts of the Americas. colonists click

36. Section III Expand Your Horizon (2)Fill in the blanks with the words given, and change the form if necessary. In the course of the 1930s steel production in Britain _____________ doubled（approximate）. click approximately North Africans make up the largest and poorest __________ group in the country（immigrate）. click immigrant click More local employment will be created, _____________in service industries（particular）. particularly

37. Section III Expand Your Horizon My profession had an important influence in the _________ of my character and temperament （formation）. click formation The competition was ____________by Ruinart Champagne （sponsor）. sponsored click The downstairs of the two little houses had been ________ refashioned（entire）. click entirely

38. Section III Expand Your Horizon The staff should make sure the kids have an enjoyable and ____________day（education）. click educational Barcelona's _________as a design-conscious, artistic city （reputation）. reputed click They have been given college scholarships purely on _________ ability（athlete）. click athletic

39. Section III Expand Your Horizon This change is ____________in the developing countries（evitable）. inevitable click This hotel was built to _______________guests for the wedding of King Alfonso（accommodate）. click accommodate This has been my worst time for injuries since I started as a _____________footballer（profession）. professional click

40. Section III Expand Your Horizon Task 3 Divergent Thinking Try to make one or more sentences with the given information. And what you write should not be merely from the text.

41. Section III Expand Your Horizon Is it possible for you to try extreme sports, such as bungee jumping? Why?（你有可能尝试一些极限运动吗，比如蹦极？为什么？）（inevitable dangers，take the risk，get injured） While relatively safe, there are no guarantees when bungee jumping. As with any extreme sport, there are inevitable dangers. Nothing is 100 percent foolproof and you take the risk that you may be injured when jumping. Click ____________________________________________________________________

42. Section III Expand Your Horizon Do the sports can build characters? Why?（运动能塑造性格吗？为什么？）（fight fair, lose with grace, friendship） Yes. I believe sports can build characters, because the college athletes learn to fight fair and hard, to win without pride and lose with grace on the sports field. Sports and games are bridge to true friendship. Later, when they have grown up, they will naturally work for the good of their country instead of for their own benefit. Click ____________________________________________________________________

43. Section III Expand Your Horizon Should college athletes be paid? Why? （大学生运动员应该获得报酬吗？为什么？）（complete, studies, pursue, sports careers） College athletes should be paid to help them complete their studies, college athletes should receive some sort of monetary compensation that will help pursue their sports careers . College athletes shouldn't be paid, because if athletes in college are paid, they may no more be amateurs. Click ____________________________________________________________________

44. Section III Expand Your Horizon How to become a professional athlete? （怎样成为一名职业运动员？）（determined, ambition, practice, make a living） ①You must be not only extremely talented, but also extremely determined. You must possess the drive and ambition to keep you focused. ②Any sport will require long hours and years of practice if you want to make a living as a professional athlete. Click ____________________________________________________________________

45. Section III Expand Your Horizon Is there any advice about fitting exercises into daily life?（能否就如何将运动融入日常生活给出一些建议？） （stick to, schedule） ①Pick a workout form that you can do almost anywhere, whether you're traveling or getting home from the office late. Ideally, this will be a form of exercise that doesn't require much preparation.  ②Make a schedule （write it down if it helps!), stick to it and remind yourself that working out is a priority worth keeping. Click ____________________________________________________________________