Section III Expand Your Horizon

1. Section III Expand Your Horizon Urban Poverty The speed of urbanization is increasing in both the developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries, especially those in Africa.

2. Section III Expand Your Horizon In Africa, the dramatic effects of rapid urbanization are very clear in the cities and periurban areas. As the cities expand, the main zone of direct impact is the periurban area, and those living in the periurban interface areas encounter many new challenges and opportunities in meeting their needs and accommodating the by-products of the urban populations.

3. Section III Expand Your Horizon Although, cities serve as “engines” of growth in most developing countries by providing opportunities for employment, education, knowledge and technology transfer and ready markets for industrial and agricultural products, high urban populations place enormous stress on natural resources and imposes “ecological footprints ① ” on the periurban areas.

4. Section III Expand Your Horizon Cities impact on health in many ways. In the areas of the environment and health, problems of emission reduction, supply of clean drinking water, sewage and rubbish disposal, food security and poverty reduction are the most important issues. Vulnerability of the urban population to natural disasters and diseases, especially HIV/AIDS and atmospheric pollution has also been recognized. Although, data about pollution levels are fragmentary,

5. Section III Expand Your Horizon the air and water quality in many cities threatens the health of millions of city residents. Although, a significant positive impact of urbanization is promotion of urban agriculture and the cultivation of staple crops, vegetables, poultry and dairying, which are demanded by urban consumers, cultivation of vegetables through sewage irrigation and the use of chemical pesticides affect the health of consumers who are not notified of the circumstances of cultivation of these products.

6. Section III Expand Your Horizon A large proportion of the urban population is also affected by poor sanitation that threatens their health. River pollution is particularly found to be worse where rivers pass through cities and the most widespread is contamination from human excreta, sewage and oxygen loss. It is estimated that about 400 million people or about one-third of the population in the developing countries do not have safe drinking water.

7. Section III Expand Your Horizon In many cities such as Kumasi （Ghana）③ and Lagos （Nigeria）④ , there is limited access to clean drinking water. The quality of several watercourses is poor, with pollutant levels higher than the WHO's standards. Pesticide contamination from urban agriculture, residues from sawmills and manufacturing industries, wastewater from urban drains and municipal dumping of waste,

8. Section III Expand Your Horizon especially human excreta pollute drinking water sources that affect the health of the urban and periurban populations. In the long-term, treatment of sewage would be required for safer vegetable production and to reduce water pollution.

9. Section III Expand Your Horizon Urban populations are also vulnerable to diseases such as malaria or those associated with air pollution. Other malfunctions that are associated with industrial and traffic injuries and psychological disorders; those are especially disturbing in low-income urban and periurban areas. The unhealthy environment and overcrowded housing in the slums expose the urban poor to high rates of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhoea.

10. Section III Expand Your Horizon Although it is clear that cities in the developing countries act as nodes through which development occur, it is important to note that rapid urbanization poses particular risks that affect sustainable livelihoods of millions of people. The wide range of effects includes degradation of the environment （soil erosion, deforestation）, destruction of watersheds and wetlands, traffic congestion, contamination or pollution of water, and environmental risks associated with low-income housing areas.

11. Section III Expand Your Horizon Around the world, especially in Africa and Asia, cities are expanding rapidly. For the majority of urban dwellers, especially the poor, finding potable water supply, affordable shelter, accessible and secure urban land for agriculture to ensure food security, securing gainful employment and improvement in health facilities would continue to remain a priority.

12. Section III Expand Your Horizon 城市贫困 不论是在发达国家还是在发展中国家，城市化速度都有所增长。然而，快速的城镇化发展，特别是大城市的增长，以及由此带来的失业、贫困、营养不良、卫生条件差、城市贫民窟和环境恶化等相关问题，给许多发展中国家，尤其是非洲国家带来了严峻的挑战。

13. Section III Expand Your Horizon 在非洲，城市及城郊地区显现了城市化快速发展的显著效果。随着城市扩张，直接受影响的主要区域是城郊地区，而那些住在城郊地区的人们在满足自身需求和容纳城市人口所带来的附带产物方面要面临许多新的挑战和机遇。

14. Section III Expand Your Horizon 虽然城市是许多发展中国家发展的“引擎”，它们在就业、教育、知识与技术的转换，以及为工业和农业产品提供现成的市场等方面带来机遇，但是高密度的城市人口也给自然资源带来巨大压力，在城郊地区造成所谓“生态足迹”的负担。

15. Section III Expand Your Horizon 城市对健康的影响是多方面的。在环境与健康方面，节能减排、清洁饮用水的供应、污水和垃圾处理、粮食安全和减少贫困这些问题都是最为重要的。城市人口对于自然灾害和疾病，尤其是对艾滋病毒/艾滋病和大气污染的脆弱性也得到了关注。虽然有关污染程度的数据是零碎的，

16. Section III Expand Your Horizon 但许多城市的空气质量和水质已威胁到了数百万城市居民的健康。虽然由于城市消费者的需求，城市化给都市农业、主要农作物的种植、蔬菜种植、家禽养殖业和乳品业都带来了显著而又积极的影响，但是消费者并不知晓这些产品的生产种植环境，而使用污水灌溉种植的蔬菜以及化学农药的使用会对他们的身体健康造成影响。

17. Section III Expand Your Horizon 很大一部分的城市人口的健康状况依然受到卫生条件差所带来的威胁。河流污染，特别是那些流经城市的河流的污染情况尤其严重。最普遍的污染通常为人们的排泄物、生活污水和氧气流失。据估计，在发展中国家大约有400万人口或大约1/3的人口没有安全的饮用水。

18. Section III Expand Your Horizon 在许多城市，如库马西（加纳）和拉戈斯（尼日利亚），清洁的饮用水非常少，且几个水源的水质也很差，污染水平要高于世界卫生组织所定的标准。都市农业的农药污染，锯木厂和制造业排放出的剩余物，城市排放的污水和城市垃圾场的倾倒物，

19. Section III Expand Your Horizon 尤其是人们的排泄物，都污染了饮用水的水源，影响了城市和城郊人口的健康。从长远来看，更为安全的蔬菜生产和减少水污染都对污水处理提出了要求。

20. Section III Expand Your Horizon 城市居民也容易感染疾病，例如疟疾，或那些在空气中污染的疾病。（城市居民）其他方面的身体问题则会由工伤、交通事故和心理疾病引起，这一情况集中体现在城市低收入人群上，而（生活在）城郊地区的人们也受到这些问题的困扰。贫民窟中不健康的环境和过于拥挤的居住条件使城市中的贫穷居民罹患传染性疾病，例如肺炎、肺结核和腹泻的概率大大提高。

21. Section III Expand Your Horizon 虽然在发展中国家，城市是发展的关键所在，但是需要认识到的是，过快的城镇化（进程）会给上百万人的可持续发展带来特殊的风险。城市化所带来的广泛的影响包括环境退化（土壤侵蚀、森林砍伐）、水域和湿地的破坏、交通拥堵、污染或水污染，以及与贫民窟地区相关的环境风险。

22. Section III Expand Your Horizon 在世界各地，尤其是在非洲和亚洲，城市正在迅速地扩张。对于大多数城市居民，特别是穷人来说，寻求饮用水供应、负担得起住房、为确保食品安全可用于农业生产的城市安全用地、收入稳定的工作以及医疗设施的改善都将继续成为其首要考虑的方面。

23. Section III Expand Your Horizon Practice What You Learnt Task 1 Comprehension Check Choose the best answer according to the text.

24. Section III Expand Your Horizon Which problem brought by urbanization is not mentioned in this text? A. Poverty. B. Unemployment. C. Inadequate food supply. D. Poor sanitation. C Click me

25. Section II Store Your Bricks Which of the following statements is NOT true? The dramatic effects of rapid urbanization are very clear in periurban areas. As the cities expand, the main zone of direct impact is the city-center area and the periurban area. High urban populations place enormous stress on natural resources. Those living in the periurban interface areas enconmter many challenges in meeting their needs and accommodating the by-products of the urban populations. B Click me

26. Section III Expand Your Horizon In what ways does urbanization impact on health? A. Environment and health. B. Emission reduction. C. Food security. D. All the above. D Click me

27. Section III Expand Your Horizon According to Paragraph 4, which description is NOT true? A large proportion of the urban population is also affected by poor sanitation. Sea pollution is particularly found to be worse. It is estimated that about one-third of the population in the developing countries do not have safe drinking water. In the long-term, treatment of sewage would be required to reduce water pollution. B Click me

28. Section III Expand Your Horizon Which problem that the urban populations are suffering is not mentioned? Air pollution. Psychological disorders. Inadequate education. Traffic congestion. C Click me

29. Section III Expand Your Horizon Task 2 Vocabulary and Sentences (1)Replace the italicized words with the words or phrases given in the box. Change the form if necessary.

30. Section III Expand Your Horizon Once again he found himself inside the apartment in the ray house. enormous huge The Food Safety Act will progressively on the way food businesses operate. make effects impact

31. Section III Expand Your Horizon Section III Expand Your Horizon Rice is the “grain part” of the diet. staple major The task of assembling information about these plants is both vital and . formidable terribly difficult Not only network is ,any piece of software is. vulnerable assailable The new air conditioning system has been proved not . not good enough inadequate

32. Section III Expand Your Horizon Fines are on retailers who sell tobacco to minors. enforced imposed Friends that did not want to me before are now back in my life. relate to associatewith Flu is highly . infectious infective

33. Section III Expand Your Horizon Terraces for rice covered the hillsides. planting and growing cultivation Her eyes took a while to the darkness. accommodate get used to You will be of any changes in the system. notified informed

34. Section III Expand Your Horizon (2)Fill in the blanks with the words given, and change the form if necessary. Gambling is always coupled with ___________（degrade）. degradation Click me States have the option of adopting the even tougher California ______________ , standards（emissive）. emission Click me This was only a _____________ of a long conversation with John（fragmentary）. fragment Click me

35. Section III Expand Your Horizon We risk upsetting the ____________ balance of the area（ecology）. ecologcial Click me How does a private pilot get _________ to the airways （accessible）? access Click me The city is planning to build a _____________ library （municipality）. Click me municipal

36. Section III Expand Your Horizon He doesn't know how to ____________of his spare time （disposal）. dispose Click me The exact locations are being kept secret for reasons of ___________ (secure). security Click me There's still an ____________ of great hostility and tension in the city （atmospheric）. Click me atmosphere

37. Section III Expand Your Horizon This is a _______________ contribution to knowledge（significance）. significant Click me gainful Are you in ___________ employment（gain）? Click me It does not do to ____________ on dreams and forget to live （dweller） Click me dwell

38. Section III Expand Your Horizon Task 3 Divergent Thinking Try to make one or more sentences with the given information. And what you write should not be merely from the text.

39. Section III Expand Your Horizon What are the problems brought by urbanization to the development of large cities? （城市化给大城市的发展带来了哪些问题？）（unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation） The growth of large cities brings along the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation. Click me _______________________________________________________________________

40. Section III Expand Your Horizon What is the impact of urbanization on most of the cities in Africa? （城市化给非洲的大部分城市造成了什么影响？）（face challenges and opportunities, meet one's needs） Those living in the peri-urban interface areas encounter many new challenges and opportunities in meeting their needs and accommodating the byproducts of the urban populations. Click me ________________________________________________________________________

41. Section III Expand Your Horizon What are the factors that pollute drinking water sources that affect the health of the urban and periurban populations? （哪些因素导致城镇居民饮用水受到污染并影响人们的健康？）（pesticide contamination, residue, municipal dumping） Pesticide contamination from urban agriculture, residues from sawmills and manufacturing industries, wastewater from urban drains and municipal dumping of waste especially human excreta pollute drinking water sources. Click me ________________________________________________________________________

42. Section III Expand Your Horizon What are the diseases brought by the urbanization in many developing countries? （城市化给许多发展中国家带来了哪些疾病困扰？）（be vulnerable to, infectious） Urban populations are also vulnerable to diseases such as malaria or those associated with air pollution, and also suffer high rates of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhoea. Click me ________________________________________________________________________

43. Section III Expand Your Horizon What do you think should be put as a priority in the process of urbanization? （城市化进程中的哪些方面应该是首先需要考虑的？）（affordable, accessible, secure） Finding potable water supply, affordable shelter, accessible and secure urban land for agriculture to ensure food security, securing gainful employment and improvement in health facilities should remain as a priority in the process of urbanization. Click me ________________________________________________________________________