Culture & Society

1. Culture & Society Unit 3

2. Culture • Culture: Shared material & nonmatiral aspects • Material Culture • Nonmaterial Culture • Social Structure • Culture • Society: People living together & sharing culture

3. Human Nature • Instinct • Reflexes • Drives • Learning

4. The Great Debate: Nature vs. Nurture • So is it Nature that determines who we are, or Nurture?

5. The Great Debate: Nature vs. Nurture • Nature: This side states that we have a range of abilities, traits, and limitations that are inherited genetically from the parents at the time of conception that cannot be changed.

6. The Great Debate: Nature vs. Nurture • Nurture: This side states that we have a variety of environmental influences that impact us, starting at conception! • Examples: • Mother’s health during pregnancy • Chemicals encountered in the environment • Psychological/Sociological experiences

7. The Great Debate: Nature vs. Nurture • So which is it? • BOTH! • Nature and nurture interact throughout development.

8. Harlow’s Rhesus Monkeys • Harry Harlow attempted to determine if physical comfort or food was more important to baby monkeys. • Monkeys were given access to 2 artificial wire “mothers”. • 1 had a bottle of milk • 1 had a fleece cover • Babies preferred the fleece mother, and Harlow concluded that primates are comforted by warm, soft things, NOT food.

9. Cultural Values • Norms • Folkways • Mores • Taboo • Laws • Values • Sanctions

10. Symbolic Interaction • Symbols • Language • Arts • Culture

11. Types of Society • Hunter/Gatherer: • Few statuses • No specialized roles • Identical values • No wealth/capital • Shared resources • Simple needs • Less working time overall

12. Types of Society • Pastoral: • Nomadic • More elaborate possessions • Trade • Conflict & fighting • Servitude systems • Religious

13. Types of Society • Horticultural Societies • Political institutions • Roles & statuses • Elaborate artifacts • Communication • Economic development

14. Types of Society • Agrarian: • Cities • Power systems • Government • Inequality • Elaborate trade • Symbolic monetary systems • Religion as a social institution • Written communication

15. Types of Society • Industrial: • Constant, swift change • Large • Better living standards • Urbanized • Social life & secondary groups • Representative overnment & bureaucracies • Social interaction & anonymity • Formal education • Class inequalities • Seldom at war or in conflict

16. Types of Society • Post-Industrial: • Creation & production of information • Communication • Knowledge & education mandatory • Depend on global economy

17. Society • Society: Population sharing the same geographic territory with common culture.

18. Social Structure • Social Structure: The pattern of relationships within society. • Status • Master status • Status inconsistency • Ascribed status • Achieved status • Social Class

19. Role Theory • Roles • Role Set • Role Expectations • Role Performance • Stress & Strain • Role Confusion • Role Strain • Role Conflict

20. Group Theory • Group • Primary Group • Secondary Group • Aggregate

21. Social Institutions • Social Institution: Stable cluster of ideologies developed based on social needs. • Common features: • Resistance to change • Interdependency • Co-dependent change • Cause of social issues

22. Social Institutions • Functionalist: Dysfunctional • Conflict: Failure due to power changes • Interactionalist: Dysfunctional

23. Socialization • Socialization • Lifelong • Constantly changing • Significantly impacted by learning

24. Emotional Development • Universal Emotions: • Newborns: Pleasure, Surprise, Disgust, Distress • 2 Month Olds: Joy • 3 Month Olds: Anger • 9 Month Olds: Fear • 12-18 Months: Affection • 5-6 Years: Insecurity, Confidance, Envy • Adolescence: Complecated, adult emotions

25. Theories of Development • Cognitive • Emotional • Behavioral • Biosocial

26. Adult Personality • The Big 5 Personality Development

27. Charles Horton Cooley • Looking-Glass Self • Social Mirror • Social Development in 3 Steps: • Imagining how we appear to others • Imagining how others judge us • Using interpretation to develop self-image

28. Erving Goffman • Dramaturgical Approach • Impression Management • Face-Work

29. George Herbert Mead • Symbolic Interaction • Children’s Socialization in 3 Stages • Imagination • Play • Role Taking using Significant Other • Games using Generalized Other

30. Sigmund Freud Theory of Consciousness • Freud’s Theory of Consciousness: • Conscious • Preconscious • Unconcious

31. Sigmund Freud Theory of Personality • Freud’s Theory of Personality: • Id • Ego • Superego

32. Psychoanalytic Theories • Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development: Personality develops based on changes in the libido (sexual energy) and fixation on erogenous zones. • 5 stages of Psychosexual Development • Personality is determined by the first 3 stages and is fixed by the age of 5

33. Stages of Psychosexual Development

34. Psychoanalytic Theories • Defense Mechanisms: Strategies the psyche uses to protect itself from situations or events that may be traumatic.

35. Psychoanalytic Theories

36. Psychoanalytic Theories • Oedipal Complex: The belief that little boys resent the relationship that their fathers have with their mothers, and as a result, harbor a latent desire to murder their fathers and marry/engage in sexual relations with their mothers. • Electra Complex: The belief that little girls resent the relationship that their mothers have with their fathers, and as a result, harbor a latent desire to rebel against their mothers and marry their fathers (or someone eerily similar!)

37. Psychoanalytic Theories • Freud is widely accepted as a noted theorist, even today. However… • Criticisms: • Lack of scientific research • Subjects Freud observed were often greatly disturbed • First 2 stages of psychosexual development theory still unsupported using studies of children with normal development

38. Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

39. Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

40. Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

41. Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

42. Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

43. Other Cognitive Theories • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Lev Vygotsky • The difference between what a learner can do on their own, and with a little bit of guidance/help from an instructor. • Scaffolding: The process of introducing new ideas with sufficient support so that the student can learn and achieve on a level they would not be capable of on their own.

44. Lawrence Koglberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Lawrence Kohlberg’sTheory of Moral Development: May be based roughly on the cognitive development of Jean Piaget. • Broken down into 3 Levels, with 2 stages in each level. • Tests to determine which stage the individual are in are dependent on responses to Kohlberg’s Dilemmas.

45. Lawrence Koglberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Level 1: Pre-Conventional: Moral choices are based on reward and punishment. • Stage 1: Might Makes Right aka Punishment-Obedience • Obedience to authority is to avoid punishment, while still furthering self-interest. • Very young children • Stage 2: Looking Out For Number One aka Tit-for-Tat aka Quid Pro Quo aka You Scratch My Back, I’ll Scratch Your • Moral decisions are based on what the individual can get out of the situation. • Young/elementary aged children

46. Lawrence Koglberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Level 2: Conventional: Moral decisions are based on laws and trying to appear “good” to others. • Stage 3: Good Girl/Nice Boy aka Conformity aka Instrumental Conformity • Moral decisions are based on what will make others like and approve of the individual. • Middle school aged children. • Stage 4: Law and Order aka Law of the Land aka Judgment • Moral decisions are based on being a good, law-abiding citizen. • Teenagers and many adults.

47. Lawrence Koglberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Level 3: Post-Conventional: Moral decisions are based on using one’s own conscience to decide right and wrong. • Stage 5: Social Contract aka Social Conformity aka Social Contract and Individual Rights • Moral decisions are based on a social contract stating that the laws in place are for the greater good of society. Any deviance will violate this contract and could lead to chaos. • Only a small portion of society.

48. Lawrence Koglberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Level 3: Post-Conventional: Moral decisions are based on using one’s own conscience to decide right and wrong. • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles aka Universal Principles • Moral decisions are based on a universal values and rights that all individuals deserve. • Life, Love, Peace, Happiness, Property, Education, etc. • Only a handful of people have ever coded into this category.

49. Moral Development • Gilligan continued Kohlberg’s theory, stating that.. • Girls tend to develop morals based on compassion and care • Boys tend to develop morals based on justice and judgment

50. Agents of Socialization • Agents of Socialization • Family • Schools • Peers • Mass Media • Internet • Resocialization