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Luther’s Revolution

Luther’s Revolution. Lutheranism and Protestant Reformation. Catholic Church in the 16 th Century. Increased Education: Spreading universities Printing press to publish bibles Political Power: Popes possessing significant authority Increased Religious Beliefs (Renaissance)

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Luther’s Revolution

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  1. Luther’s Revolution Lutheranism and Protestant Reformation

  2. Catholic Church in the 16th Century • Increased Education: • Spreading universities • Printing press to publish bibles • Political Power: • Popes possessing significant authority • Increased Religious Beliefs (Renaissance) • People becoming more religious • Vatican amongst the worlds most beautiful sites

  3. Cries of outrage grow louder • Wealth of church • Simony • Pluralism • Clergy immorality

  4. Religious sentiments of Europeans • Pilgrimages common • Shrines believed to cure illnesses • Yet people wanted more… • Humanists condemned many practice of the church • As suffering rose so did outcry against the church • Conflicts between Religion and Politics • Erosion of confession and the rise of indulgence

  5. Indulgences • Substitute for confession and penance. • Part of the Catholic doctrine of good works • “so as soon as the coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” • Came to be viewed as “pardons” • Sale had become big business

  6. Tetzel Controversy • Needed an agent to sell them to build the St. Peter’s Basilica. • Gave the ability to grant your ancestors freedom from their sins and removal from purgatory.

  7. St. Peters Basilica

  8. Martin Luther • Relatively obscure German professor. • Rose due to his intellectual achievements. • Preached and taught. • Successful and content on the outside, but internally tormented.

  9. Luther's Internal Struggle • “I was one who terribly feared the last judgment and who nevertheless wished with all my heart to be saved.” • He couldn’t erase his belief in his own sins • How could he liberate his own soul? • “I pondered night and day until I understood the connection between righteousness of God and the sentence “The just shall live by faith”, then I grasped that the justice of God is his righteousness by which through grace and pure mercy, God justifies us through Faith”

  10. Luther's 3 principles • Sola Fide: Justification by faith alone • Sola Scriptura: all that was needed to understand the mercy of God was contained in the Bible • All who believed in Gods righteousness were equal in God’s eyes.

  11. The 95 Theses • Luther’s scholarly response to Indulgences. • Nature of the act? • Content? • Placed him in direct conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.

  12. Consequences • Excommunication • Books burned • A public letter burning • “let every soul be subject to the higher powers. For there is no power but of God.” Papal v. Bible

  13. New Answers to Four Theologic Questions • How is someone to be saved? • No longer both faith and good works. • Now salvation from Faith alone.

  14. Where does Religious Authority Lie? • In the Pope? • Now it shall lie in the word of God—the Bible. • Each person is capable of their own leadership.

  15. What is the Church? • Is it the clergy and the institution? • Lutheran view holds it that the church is the entire community of believers.

  16. What is the highest form of Christian life? • Previous teachings held the monastic and religious orders. • Luther emphasized that all vocations have equal merit and that every person should serve god per their individual calling. • The answers to these four questions becomes the basis of Protestantism

  17. Luther summoned by Charles V to Worms • Ordered to recant • “I cannot and I will not retract anything, since is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise.” • Asked Charles V and the Pope to use the Bible to contradict his words…

  18. Spread of Lutheranism • Encouraged local princes to allow their subjects to practice it. • Diminished power of the papacy. • Published over 30 works that were huge best sellers. • German princes long angry with politics in Europe were the quickest to embrace it

  19. Spread of Protestantism • John Calvin • Unwilling reformer • Geneva was largely under Catholic and prince control. • The region had been exposed to Protestantism by the reformer Huldrych Zwingli

  20. Calvin’s World in the 16c

  21. Calvinism • Luther/Calvin comparison • Calvin and Paris under Francis I (at right) • An avid defender of French Huegenots (Protestants) • Predestination • “Many are called but few are chosen” “The Elect” • Puritans (congregational elect government) • “infants themselves bring their own damnation from the mothers womb” • Discounts the good works doctrine

  22. Structure of Calvinism Pastors Doctors Deacons Elders

  23. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

  24. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

  25. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

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