DEVELOPING THE NANOSCIENCE WORKFORCE OF THE FUTURE: LINKING NANOTECHNOLOGY AND

1. DEVELOPING THE NANOSCIENCE WORKFORCE OF THE FUTURE: LINKING NANOTECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TO THE ENVIRONMENT

2. DISCOVERY  KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE  TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY  SOCIETY SOCIETY  DISCOVERY?? A cycle driven by curiosity and exploration, tempered by need and prejudice

3. NANOSCALE CONCEPTS What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is defined as the application of science to developing new materials and processes by manipulating molecular and atomic particles. http://www.nint.ca/nav01.cfm?nav01=12988

5. Nanotechnology Will Change Our World

6. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY AND CREATIVITY http://www.ccst.us/ccst/pubs/nano/lib/ProjectDescription.pdf, Merrill-Lynch review

7. http://nint-innt.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/home/index_e.html

8. Two approaches to manufacture of nanomaterials (RS&RAD, 2004) Bottom-Up Top-down Lithography Cutting, Etching, Grinding Positional assembly Self-assembly Chemical Synthesis Technique Electronic devices and chip masks Crystals, Films, Tubes Precision engineered surfaces Particle molecules Material Experimental atomic or molecular devices Cosmetics, Fuel additives Quantum well lasers, computer chips, Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) High quality optical mirrors Application Displays Independent approaches have converged in terms of feature size and quality achieved

9. http://nint-innt.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/research/supra_e.html

10. http://nint-innt.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/research/supra_e.html

11. Inspection and Manipulation ofSingle Molecules NEW MICROSCOPY OPENS THE WAY TO NANOTECHNOLOGY This is the size scale of interest to nanoscience and nanotechnology; ~0.000000010 meters in length or less or about 1/10,000 width of a human hair

12. Founders – Atomic Force Method Gerd Binning Heinrich Rohrer

13. Atomic Force Microscopy AFM invented in 1986 by g. Binning. STM in 1982 by H. Roher and G. Binning

14. Lateral Force Mode involves only x-y movement In contact mode x-y and z movement is involved

15. Modifying a “wire” Ros et al., PSI Annual Report, 1999.

16. Binding force measurements Ros et al., PSI Annual Report, 1999.

17. Nano wire manipulation on polymer film: The images are taken in intermittent contact mode while the wire has been moved successively with contact mode by applying a constant force of 2.2 nN. Scan field 400 nm X 550 nm, z-range 0 - 5 nm (http://www.jpk.com/spm/gallery1.htm#litho)

18. WIRING: CARBON NANOTUBE (another form of carbon compound) http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/tubes.htm

19. Columbia – Chem. Eng.

23. Li and Tan, Nano Letters, 2 (2002) 315.

24. Li and Tan, Nano Letters, 2 (2002) 315.

25. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology 13 (2002) R15–R28 PII: S0957-4484(02)52701-X TUTORIAL Natural strategies for the molecular engineer Philip Ball Nature, 4-6 Crinan St, London N1 9XW, UK E-mail: p.ball@nature.com Received 23 August 2002 Published 11 September 2002 Online at stacks.iop.org/Nano/13/R15

28. Tools to measure position – THE “MOLECULAR RULER” Cardullo, Microscopy and Analysis, Issue 53 (2002) 5.

29. Inorganic Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QD) • Wavelength tuning based on size • Excitable in UV region • FRET applications • Multicolour detection http://probes.invitrogen.com/products/qdot/overview.html • Core/shell structure • Functionalize surface with • species capable of covalently • binding DNA, dye

30. Quantum Dot Surface Functionalization CdSe/ZnS MAA, chloroform, Hunig’s base EDC, amine terminated dye/DNA

31. QD-FRET-based strategy for two-colour nucleic acid detection. a) Simultaneous and efficient excitation of green and red quantum dots in the ultraviolet-region without significant excitation of Cy3 or Alexa647 in solution. When probe oligonucleotides were conjugated to QDs, hybridization with a Cy3 or Alexa647 labeled target oligonucleotide yielded FRET sensitized emission from the dyes, which was used as the analytical signal. The green QD-Cy3 FRET pair utilized the SMN1 sequence and the red QD-Alexa647 pair utilized the LacZ sequence. b) A cartoon of the expected emission profiles, where the bracketed regions are of particular analytical interest.

32. Top Ten Nanotechnologies Contributing to Developing World How much difference will the technology make in improving water, agriculture, nutrition, health, energy, and the environment in developing countries? Burden. Will it address the most pressing needs? Appropriateness. Will it be affordable, robust, and adjustable to settings in developing countries, and will it be socially, culturally, and politically acceptable? Feasibility. Can it realistically be developed and deployed in a time frame of ten years? Knowledge gap. Does the technology advance quality of life by creating new knowledge? Indirect benefits. Does it address issues such as capacity building and income generation that have indirect, positive effects on developing countries?

34. Salamanca-Buentello F, Persad DL, Court EB, Martin DK, Daar AS, et al. (2005) Nanotechnology and the Developing World. PLoS Med 2(5): e97