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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1632-1723. Developed microscopes for observing living organisms 1674 discovered protists 1677 discovered spermatozoa 1682 discovered striated muscle fibers. http://students.ou.edu/J/Renee.E.Jones-1/Van%20leeuwenhoek%20Scope.jpg.
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Developed microscopes for observing living organisms 1674 discovered protists 1677 discovered spermatozoa 1682 discovered striated muscle fibers
http://students.ou.edu/J/Renee.E.Jones-1/Van%20leeuwenhoek%20Scope.jpghttp://students.ou.edu/J/Renee.E.Jones-1/Van%20leeuwenhoek%20Scope.jpg http://cell.sio2.be/introduction/images/microleeuw.jpg http://www.molecularexpressions.com/primer/images/introduction/leeuwenhoek.jpg http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Physics/Optics/OpticalInstruments/Microscope/GlassSphere/usph_01.gif
http://academic.evergreen.edu/v/vivianoc/homunculus.gif Schematic Human Sperm Cell Homunculus
Amphioxus (lancelet) adult, zygote, and early cleavage not to scale!
Amphioxus (lancelet) gastrulation and adult not to scale!
Origin of some mammalian tissues or organs Primary Tissue Layer Tissue or Organ
blastodisc Chicken (Gallus gallus) zygote and early cleavage yolk
Comparison of vertebrate embryos of six species at 3 stages Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny
Typical sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve: logistic curve plateau phase log phase Weight lag phase Age
http://www.c-wilkie.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/jokes/images/mouse_sex.gifhttp://www.c-wilkie.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/jokes/images/mouse_sex.gif http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/articles/images/Dino/mouse.jpg Weight growth in a mouse (Mus musculus) Puberty 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Weight in grams Weaning 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Days after birth
5 feeding 4 3 2 1 Weight growth in an insect (Malanoplus) with 5 molts adult Sudden increase when body lacks exoskeleton (soft shell crab) 150 100 50 Weight (mg) Nymphal instars: zygote 0 20 40 60 Age in days How does weight increase suddenly when not feeding?
Why does the curve inflect here? Differential growth in weight of the Homo sapiens body and its parts 20 15 10 5 Body Does growth continue indefinitely? Heart Multiples of weight at birth Brain 0 5 10 15 20 Age in years
gastrula benthic adult http://alpha2.bigelow.org/mitzi/images/library/subtidal%20animals/Sub-An-B_039.jpg http://www.cbu.edu/~aross/embryo/s-gastrula-2.jpg brachiolaria bipinnaria http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/media/echinowatervasc.jpg http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/bmedia/oursinMDC/coursours3/bipinn2leg.gif http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/brightfield/images/starfishbrachiolarialarva.jpg Three larval stages and a sea star adult (Asterias vulgaris) planktonic larvae
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: zygote (“egg”) http://www.monarchwatch.org/update/2003/egg_glue1.jpg Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: larva Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: larva Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: larva Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: pupa Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: adult Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: adult Danaus plexippus
zygote Incomplete (gradual) metamorphosis in grasshoppers Brachystola magna http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/orthoptera/lubber.jpg
Relative DNA repair rate among mammals 100 (Homo sapiens) Human (Loxodonta africana) Elephant (Bos taurus) Cattle 10 Life span in years (log scale) Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Mouse (Mus musculus) Shrew (Suncus murinus) 1 Relative rate of DNA repair