Chemical processes I LECTURER Dr. Riham Hazzaa

1. Chemical processes I LECTURERDr. Riham Hazzaa TEXTBOOKR.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau “ Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes”, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition 2005.

2. Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion • “Every physical quantity can be expressed as a product of a pure number and a unit, where the unit is a selected reference quantity in terms of which all quantities of the same kind can be expressed” • Physical Quantities • Fundamental quantities • Derived quantities Dr.RihamHazzaa

3. Fundamental Quantities • Length • Mass • Time • Temperature • Amount of substance • Electric current Dr.RihamHazzaa

4. Derived Quantities • Area [Length × length or (length)2] • Volume [(Length) 3] • Density [Mass/volume or mass/ (length) 3] • Velocity [Length/time] • Acceleration [Velocity/time or length/ (time) 2] • Force [Mass × acceleration or (mass × length)/ (time) 2] Dr.RihamHazzaa

5. 110 mg of sodium • 24 hands high • 5 gal of gasoline Dr.RihamHazzaa

6. Dimension:A property that can be measureddirectly (e.g., length (L), mass (M), time (t), temperature (T)) orcalculated, by multiplying or dividing withother dimensions (e.g., volume, velocity,force) • Unit:A specific numerical value of dimension. "Units" can be counted or measured. Many different units can be used for a single dimension, as inches, miles, centimetersare all units used to measure the dimension length. Dr.RihamHazzaa

7. SYSTEMS OF UNITS Dr.RihamHazzaa

8. Every system of units has: • A set of "basic units" for the dimensions of mass, length, time, absolute temperature, electric current, and amount of substance. • Derived units, which are special combinations of units or units used to describe combination dimensions (energy, force, volume, etc.) For example: Dr.RihamHazzaa

9. The unit for Force can be expressed in terms of the derived unit (newton) or in base units (kg.m/s2) Derived SI Units Dr.RihamHazzaa

10. Multiple units,which are multiples or fractions of the basic units used for convenience (years instead of seconds, kilometers instead of meters, etc.). • the base unit is second, the multiple units of time: • Minutes = 60 seconds • Hour = 3600 seconds • Day = 86400 second. Dr.RihamHazzaa

11. Examples of the Dimensions of Derived Quantities • Area (A) A = L×L=L2 • Volume (V)V = L×L×L=L3 • Density (ρ) ρ = M/V=M/L3 • Velocity (V) V = L/t • Acceleration (a) V/t = L/t2 Dr.RihamHazzaa

12. What is the dimension of P? • Pressure (P ) is defined as “the amount offorce (F ) exerted onto the area (A) Dr.RihamHazzaa

13. Unit of pressure (P), in SI system, • kg/m.s2 • N/m2 • “Pascal (Pa)”, which is defined as Dr.RihamHazzaa

14. Example: Determine the units of density, in c • gs, SI, and AE systems? • cgs unit system is g/cm3 • SI unit system is Kg/m3 • AE unit system is 1bm/ft3 Dr.RihamHazzaa

15. CONVERSION OF UNITS • To convert units from one system to another, we simply multiply the old unit with a conversion factor. • This is defined as follow: Dr.RihamHazzaa

16. EXAMPLE 1 Convert 10 m/s to ft/s. • 1 m is equal to 3.28 ft. • The conversion factor is 3.281ft/m Dr.RihamHazzaa

17. EXAMPLE 2 Convert 10 m2/s to ft2/s. • The conversion factor is Dr.RihamHazzaa

18. EXAMPLE 3 Convert 10 kg m/s2 to lb ft/min2 • 1 kg = 2.2 lb • 1m = 3.28 ft • 60 s = 1 min Dr.RihamHazzaa

19. EXAMPLE 5 Convert the mass flux of 0.04g/m.min2 to that in the unit of lbm/h ft2 = 4.92 × 10-4 lbm/h ft2 Dr.RihamHazzaa

20. EXAMPLE 6 Convert 23 1bm ft/ min2 to its equivalent in kg.cm/s2 Dr.RihamHazzaa

21. EXAMPLE 7 • At 4 oC, water has a density of 1 g/cm3. Liquid A has a density at the same temperature of 60 lbm/ft3. When water is mixed with liquid A, which one is on the upper layer? Dr.RihamHazzaa

22. Force & Weight • force (F) is the productof mass (m) and its acceleration (m) F=ma • its corresponding units: • "Pound-force" (lbf), Dr.RihamHazzaa

23. The force in newtons required to accelerate a mass of 4 kg at a rate of 9 m/s2 is • The force in lbfrequired to accelerate a mass of 4 lbm at a rate of 9 ft/s2 is Dr.RihamHazzaa

24. The conversion between the defined unit of force (N, dyne, lbf)and natural units is so commonly used that we give it a special name and symbol, gc. g/ gc =9.8066 N/kg g/ gc =980.66 dyne/g g/ gc = 1 lbf/lbm Dr.RihamHazzaa

25. Weight • Weight is defined to be the force exerted on an object by gravity, so an object of mass m subjected to the gravitational acceleration g, will have weight W = mg/gc • For example, the mass of a steel ball is 10 kg. The weight of this ball on the earth’s surface is: W = 10 Kg x 9.81 N/kg = 98.1 N g/ gc =9.8066 N/kg Dr.RihamHazzaa

26. Example: Water has a density of 62.4 1bm/ft3. How much does 2 ft3 of water weigh • (1) at sea level and 45◦ latitude • (2) in Denever, Colorado, where the altitude is 574 ft and the gravitational acceleration is 32.139 ft/s2 • The mass of the water is • The weight of water is W(lbf) = 124.8 lbm g/gc (lbf/lbm) • At sea level, g= 32.174ft/s2, g/gc=1 lbf/lbm W= 124.8 1bf • InDenver, g = 32.139,g/gc=32.139/32.174 lbf/lbm W= 124.7 1bf Dr.RihamHazzaa

27. DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY • When adding or subtracting values, the units of each value must be similar to be valid. • EXAMPLE • A (m) =2 B(s)+5 • What should the units for constants 2 and 5 have to be for the equation to be valid? Dr.RihamHazzaa

28. DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITIES • An example of a dimensionless quantity isReynold’s number NRe. • This describes the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces (or convective momentum transport to molecular momentum transport) in a flowing fluid. It thus serves to indicate the degree of turbulence. Low Reynolds numbers mean the fluid flows in "lamina" (layers), while high values mean the flow has many turbulent eddies. Dr.RihamHazzaa

29. A quantity k depends on the temperature in the following manner: • The units of the quantity 20,000 are cal/mol, and T is in K (kelvin). What are the units of 1.2 105 and 1.987? Dr.RihamHazzaa

30. Dr.Riham Hazzaa