Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 Norton Media Library Give Me Liberty! An American History Second EditionVolume 2 by Eric Foner

2. Chapter 19 Norton Media Library Give Me Liberty! An American History Second EditionVolume 2 by Eric Foner

3. I. An era of intervention • W. T. Snead’s The Americanization of the World • Theodore Roosevelt and Roosevelt Corollary (Panama Canal) • William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy • Woodrow Wilson’s“moral imperialism” (see quote, page 680 & 685) • Mexico • Mexican Revolution under leadership of Francisco Madero • Assassination of Madero and outbreak of Civil War • Wilson dispatches troops, skirmishes with Pancho Villa

4. Map 77

5. Map 76

6. II. America and the Great War • Outbreak of European war • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Japan) versus Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) • Protracted, bloody stalemate • Implications of European war • Undermining of faith in human progress and reason • Indication of power of nationalism in modern world

7. Map 81

8. Map 79

9. II. America and the Great War (cont’d) • American Response • Mixed sentiments • Sympathy for Allied Powers • British roots • Association of Britain with democracy, Germany with tyranny • Opposition to Allied Powers, and/or U.S. involvement • German, Irish, Russian (anti-czarist) roots • Antiwar feminists, pacifists, social reformers

10. II. America and the Great War (cont’d) • American Response • The road to American involvement • Initial declaration of neutrality • British and German blockades • American business ties to Britain • Sinking of Lusitania • “Preparedness” policy • German suspension of submarine warfare against neutrals • Reelection of Wilson; “He Kept Us Out of War” • German resumption of open submarine warfare • Zimmerman Note • First Russian Revolution (Menshevik); overthrow of czar • American declaration of war against Germany

11. II. America and the Great War (cont’d) • From American to Armistice • Second Russian Revolution (Bolshevik) • Vladimir Lenin’s break with Allies • Withdrawal of Russia from war • Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Defeat of German advance; Allied counteroffensive • German surrender (11/11/1911)

12. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Expansion of federal powers • Military conscription (Selective Service Act, 1917) • Economic intervention • Areas • War production (War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch) • National transportation (Railroad Administration) • Coal and oil (Fuel Administration) • Farming and food preparation (Food Administration) • Labor relations (National War Labor Board) • Varied degrees of intervention • Coordination of overall war production (WIB) • Control of some sectors (coal, oil, labor relations)

13. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Expansion of federal powers • Economic intervention • Partnership between business and government • Guaranteed profit • Suspension of anti-trust • Labor-management-government cooperation • Uninterrupted production • Federal mediation • Labor’s right to organize • Improved wages and working conditions • Raising of revenue • Corporate and income tax increases • Liberty bonds

14. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Propaganda war • Widespread opposition to American entry • Industrial Workers of the World • Socialist party • Committee on Public Information; George Creel • Modes of propaganda • Pamhlets • Posters • Advertisements • Motion pictures • Four-Minute speeches • Themes • Social cooperation • Expanded democracy and freedom • Demonization of Germans

15. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Revitalization of Progressive causes • Women’s suffrage • Optimism that wartime patriotism will gain women the vote • Insistence that women should enjoy “democracy” at home • National Women’s party • Alice Paul • Support from Wilson • Postwar ratification of Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

16. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Revitalization of Progressive causes • Prohibition • Sources of support • Employers • Urban reformers • Women • Anti-immigration Protestants • Anti-Germans • Progress • Passage of state laws • Postwar ratification of Eighteenth Amendment (1920)

17. Map 80

18. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Repression of dissent • Instruments • Federal government • Espionage Act • Sedition Act • State governments • Vigilante organizations • Themes • Definition of “patriotism” as support for government, war, economic status quo • Definition of “un-Americanism” as labor radicalism, opposition to war (see Emma Goldman quote, page 697)

19. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Repression of dissent • Means • Criminalization of dissent; conviction of Eugene V. Debs • Investigations of suspected dissidents • Mass arrests • Public harassment and intimidation • Suppression of labor protest • Terror • Minimal reaction from Progressives

20. III. The war at home (cont’d) • Status and response of African-Americans • Progressive era • Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race • Birth of a Nation • W. E. B. Du Bois and revival of black protest • Du Bois background • The Souls of Black Folk • Challenge to Booker T. Washington’s accommodationism • “Talented tenth” • Niagara movement (1905), see Du Bois quote, pg. 707 • NAACP (1909)

21. III. The War at Home (cont’d) • Status and response of African-Americans • World War I era • Optimism that wartime patriotism would gain blacks equal rights • “Close ranks” • Minimal gains • Great migration (1910: 90% black population in S) • Scale and direction (see table, page 709) • Motivations and aspirations • Disappointing realities • Anti-black violence, North and South • New spirit of militancy • Silent Protest Parade • Garveyism (see quote, page 710) • Universal Negro Improvement Association

22. IV. 1919 • Labor upheaval in America • Breadth and magnitude • Spirit and themes • Appropriation of wartime rhetoric of freedom and democracy • Social and ideological diversity • Labor upheaval in America

23. IV. 1919 (cont’d) • Labor upheaval in America • Red Scare • Methods • Federal raids on officers of labor and radical organizations; Palmer Raids • Arrests • Deportations • Secret Files • Outcomes • Devastation of labor and radical organizations • Broad outrage over abuse of civil liberties

24. V. Forging of postwar international order • Wilson’s performance abroad • Rapturous reception in Paris • Hardheaded diplomacy at Versailles • Treaty of Versailles • Wilsonian elements • League of Nations • New sovereign nations in Europe: Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Yugoslavia • Harsher elements • French occupation of Saar Basin and Rhineland • Germany • Restrictions on German military • Crippling reparations for Germany: $33-56 billion • War guilt clause

25. V. Forging of postwar international order (cont’d) • Treaty of Versailles • Limits of national sovereignty • Denial of independence for French and British colonies • League of Nations “mandates” for former Ottoman lands • Reallotment of former German colonies • Seeds of instability for twentieth-century world • Wilsonian internationalism in postwar America • Short term setbacks • League of Nations debate • Wilson’s stroke, incapacity • Senate rejection of Versailles treaty • Eclipse of Progressivism; “return to normalcy”

26. Map 82