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The Agricultural Revolutions

The Agricultural Revolutions. Agriculture. Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production. Contemporary Global Food Production. Origins of Agriculture. Agricultural Revolutions. First Agricultural Revolution. Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture.

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The Agricultural Revolutions

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  1. The Agricultural Revolutions

  2. Agriculture Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production

  3. Contemporary Global Food Production

  4. Origins of Agriculture

  5. Agricultural Revolutions First Agricultural Revolution Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture

  6. First Agricultural Revolution • The original invention of farming and domestication of livestock 8,000–14,000 years ago and the subsequent dispersal of these methods from the source regions.

  7. Animal Domestication – - Relatively few animals have been domesticated - Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

  8. Second Agricultural Revolution • A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s that started in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements such as crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones.

  9. The Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution) • The application of biological science to the development of better strains of plants and animals for increasing agricultural yields.

  10. Third Agricultural Revolution :Mechanization

  11. Third Agricultural Revolution:Chemical inputs

  12. Agricultural industrialization Chemical inputs Fertilizers Pesticides Fungicides Herbicides (weed killers)

  13. DDT pesticide effect on birds;U.S. recovery since ban Still exported to Periphery

  14. “Green Revolution”benefits • Core exports high-yield “miracle” seeds • Needed oil-based fertilizers, pesticides • Asian rice crop up 66% in 1965-85 • Favored areas with good soil, weather

  15. “Green Revolution”

  16. Green Revolution

  17. “Green Revolution”drawbacks • Favored farmers who could afford seeds, inputs, machines, irrigation • Indebted farmers lost land, moved to cities • New “monocrops” lacked resistance to disease/pests • Environmental contamination, erosion • Oriented to export “cash crops,” not domestic food

  18. Opposition to Green Revolution • Opposition argues Green Revolution has led to: • vulnerability to pests • Soil erosion • Water shortages • Micronutrient deficiencies • Dependency on chemicals for production • Loss of control over seeds

  19. Biotechnology: Using organisms to… • Make or modify products • Improve plants or animals • Develop new microorganisms • Crossing natural divides between species • Not just crossbreeding

  20. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Consumer concerns began in Europe, now in U.S. too

  21. Genetic Engineering

  22. Biotechnologybenefits in agriculture • Increase yields • Increase pest resistance • Grow crops in new areas

  23. Biotechnologydrawbacks in agriculture • High costs (available to few) • Monocrops have less tolerance to disease • Possible health effects • Contamination of wild crops (“superweeds”) • Corporate patents on life forms

  24. Bovine GrowthHormone (BGH)

  25. StarlinkCorn

  26. Cloning First calf cloned in Wisconsin, 1997. Many clones die of complications. Ethical and economic conflicts

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