Mobile Device Use: Broadening and Building Positive Emotion

1. Mobile Device Use: Broadening and Building Positive Emotion Patrick Curry Michael Milovich Liang Yu PhD Students in Information Systems Baylor University 24 April 2012

2. Introduction Business Usage Personal Usage

3. Introduction May cause social dilemma But can result in a more flexible workday

4. Introduction

5. Research Question • What are the emotional affects of being connection around the clock with mobile devices? • What is the affect of mobile device integration on user emotion when used for business and personal life?

6. Introduction • Current research on mobile devices from a business perspective are rare and most studies are quantitative and present a negative effect • There are fewqualitative research papers on mobile device use in the IS discipline

7. Literature Review • Theoretical foundation is data-driven • A theory needs to incorporate psychology and social perspectives • A theory must be able to explain both individual and social issues

8. Literature Review • The broaden and build concept from the theory of positive emotions was chosen (Fredrickson, 1998) • Theory focus on the affect of positive emotions on the individuals physical, intellectual, and social resources • Theory fits the data well and can be applied to our research question(s)

9. Literature Review Emotions are associated with urges to act in a particular way(Frijda, 1986).

10. Literature Review Emotions prepare both mind and body to act (Fredrickson, 1998).

11. Literature Review • Theory of positive emotions has been applied to past research • Positive emotions have shown they: • Initiate upward spiral (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002) • Boost mental health (Catalino & Fredrickson, 2011) • Increase the breadth and flexibility of attention (Johnson, Waugh & Fredrickson, 2010)

12. Literature Review • Past research showed that the use of mobile devices can result in the following: • Create overtime work which is ambiguous in law(Luttenegeer, 2010). • Increase work load and reduce loyalty(Ofir Turel, Alexander Serenko and Nick Bontis, 2011) • Change the business environment(Minhyung, 2011)

13. Literature Review • We have also considered TAM(Davis, 1989)and UTAUT(Venkatesh et al, 2003)as a potential theoreticalfoundation, but did not use them because: • TAM and UTAUT focus on the intention, which doesn’t fit our data because many mobile device are required • TAM and UTAUT do not take social perspective into consideration

14. Method – Overview • Exploratory research • Research case study – not in the true sense of one organization • Constant comparison in open coding • Theoretical sampling of participants – from the known • Critical incident technique – participants state behavior • Start and develop into a theory • Determine theory and develop themes

15. Method – Data Collection • Research Bracketing – clarity of preconceptions • Pilot Test Interviewing – focus group • Pre-interview Data Gathering – of participants • Semi-structured 1-on-1 Interviewing – participant setting • Post-interview Data Gathering – of participants • Descriptive & Reflective Field Notes • Interview Transcribing – service provider

16. Method – Analysis, Part I • Open Coding – inductive, all researches one interview • Common Concept Table – collective definition • Intercoder Coding – independent coding compared • Other Document Coding – field notes • Developed Diagrams – conceptual ordering • Process & impact matrix – hierarchy of caller • Consequential matrix – emotion, impact, belonging

17. Method – Theory • Interpretive Study – no a priori theory • Categories – reviewed & considered theories • Search for Theories – peers, symposium (member checking) • Theories Considered – outside of grounded theory • Media Richness • Social Cognitive • Technology Acceptance Model • TAM, UTAUT, etc.

18. Method – Analysis, Part II • Integrating Theory of Positive Emotion – consider • Practical contribution • Theoretical contribution • QSR NVivo Software • Renamed, Split, Moved, Merged Nodes • Developed & organized nodes • Document & Node Memo • Analyzed for themes, new finding, future research

19. Findings Theory of Positive Emotion – build connection Practical – Why used; love, joy, interest, contentment Theoretical – process, variation, connection Device use is positively related to a connection with organizations, friends and family

20. Findings Themes: Physical:flexibility, response time, use habits Intellectual: anxiety, emotion, belonging, personal impact Social:encounter, conditional & lack of understanding, understanding

21. Contribution • Theoretical Contribution • TPE expands the discipline of IS by opening up an explanation to the affect emotions have through the use of a mobile device • Practical Contribution • Mobile device as a Social Resource • Mobile device as an Intellectual Resource

22. Qualitative Research • Value: • Allows researchers to get at the inner experience of participants • Determines how meanings are formed through and in culture • Uses include discovery rather than testing variables • Why this method was better than a survey or experiment?

23. Credible Research Lincoln and Guba (1985), Naturalistic Inquiry, Beverly Hills, CA:Sage

24. Publication Plan • Submit paper to ICIS as a work in progress (NLT 3 May 12) • Based on feedback from Dr. Koch on 10 May 12, continue developing an academic paper for possible submission to EJIS (Fall 2012)

25. What Are Your Comments and Questions?