Amangul IMANGHALIY 1 st year PhD Student Heriot-Watt University (EDINBURGH, UK)

1. A review and synthesis of sociotechnical system design principles for innovative work organisations Amangul IMANGHALIY 1st year PhD Student Heriot-Watt University (EDINBURGH, UK) September, 2015 IWOT 19 Conference

2. Aim of study Extending the earlier formulations provided by STS contributors: Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987); Berniker (1992, 1996), Clegg (2002). (3) synthesize the principles to gain an updated set of sociotechnical principles (1) compare the principles (2) identify the relationships between them

3. SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM (STS) Sociotechnical system diagram (Consultants-Engineers-Strategists, 2008).

4. Every organisation is a sociotechnical system Construction of the Business Center (Kazakhstan, Atyrau) Work environment in investment banking (USA, California) Factory workers prepare smartphones at the Flextronix factory plant (USA, Texas) Boeing manufacturing facility (Renton, WA) The Schlumberger geological prospecting company’s workers Construction of the old ship (Italy)

5. Organisation design How organisations are designed impacts both: • their performance • the satisfaction of their members

6. STS THEORY–Historical background STS theory was established by Eric Trist, Fred Emery and a group of the researchers of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in London as a new form of work restructuring model to solve the extensive fieldwork in a number of British coal fields.

7. Sociotechnical System (STS) Theory • STS THEORY- reflects certain specific methods of joint optimisation in order to design organisations that can cope better with environmental complexity, dynamism, new technology and competition • ONE of the methods is the STS PRINCIPLES

8. STS PRINCIPLES This process led to the emergence of the STS Principles as a novel method of restructuring of the work system

9. (iii) BERNIKER’S (1992) 24 principles Philosophical Premises and Values 1. Value Clarification – The Design Philosophy 2. Uncertainty 3. Technological and Organizational Choice 4. Work as Problem-Solving Action and Motivated Behaviour 5. Participation 6. Open Sociotechnical Systems 7. Human Values Design process 8. Compatibility 9. Minimum Critical Specification 10. Constraint – Free Design Work Group Structuring 11. Self-Regulating Work Groups 12. Work Group Responsible Autonomy 13. Inducements to Work 14. Boundary Location 15. Boundary Management 16. Joint Optimization 17. Organizational Uniqueness 18. Support Congruence – Reinforcement Work Design 19. Variance Control 20. Multi-Functionalism and Requisite Response Variety 21. Information Flow 22. Learning Continuity 23. Experimentation 24. Self-Design • (I) • TRIST & BAMFORTH’S (1951) • 3 core principles • RESPONSIBLE AUTONOMY • ADAPTABILIT • MEANINGFULNESS OF TASKS (II) CHERNS’ (1976, 1987) 10 principles 1.Compatibility 2.Minimal critical Specification 3. Variance Control 4. Boundary Location 5. Information Flow 6. Power and Authority 7. The Multifunctional principle 8. Support Congruence 9. Transitional Organization 10. Incompletion or the Forth Bridge Principle (IV) CLEGG’S (2000) 19 principles Meta-principles 1. Design is systemic. 2. Values and mindsets are central to design. 3. Design involves making choices. 4. Design should reflect the needs of the business, its users and their managers. 5. Design is an extended social process. 6. Design is socially shaped. 7. Design is contingent. Content principles 8. Core processes should be integrated. 9. Design entails multiple task allocations between and amongst humans and machines. 10. System components should be congruent. 11. Systems should be simple in design and make problems visible. 12. Problems should be controlled at source. 13. The means of undertaking tasks should be flexibly specified. Process principles 14. Design practice is itself a sociotechnical system. 15. Systems and their design should be owned by their managers and users. 16. Evaluation is an essential aspect of design. 17. Design involves multidisciplinary education. 18. Resources and support are required for design. 19. System design involves political processes. SUMMARY OF THE STS PRINCIPLES

10. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (1) JOINT DESIGN (Sociotechnical perspective is about joint design) Cherns-1 Berniker -16 Clegg-1

11. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (2) Design values (Values are central to design) Cherns -6  Berniker -1,7  Clegg-2

12. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (3) Compatible and participative organisational design Cherns -1 Berniker -5,8 Clegg-15

13. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (4) Flexible specification of the tasks Trist&Bamforth -3 Cherns -2 Berniker -9 Clegg-13

14. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (5) Variances should be controlled at source Cherns -3 Berniker -19,2 Clegg-12

15. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (6) Boundary Location Cherns -4 Berniker -14, 15 Clegg-8

16. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (7) Information flow Cherns -5 Berniker -21 Clegg-8

17. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (8) Responsibility Trist& Bamforth -1 Cherns -6 Berniker -12 Clegg-8

18. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (9) The Multifunctional Principle Trist& Bamforth -2 Cherns -7 Berniker -20, 22

19. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (10) Support Congruence Cherns -8 Berniker -11, 18 Clegg-10

20. Integrating principles (Trist and Bamforth (1951), Cherns (1976, 1987), Berniker (1992) and Clegg’s (2000) Principles with comments) (13) Incompletion Cherns -10 Berniker - 24 Clegg-14

21. UPDATED 24 PRINCIPLES (5) Inducements to work (3) Organisational Uniqueness

22. (17) System design involves political processes (16) Design should reflects their stakeholders requirements (15) Support Congruence (14) Resources and support are required for design (10) Information flow (12) The Multifunctional Principle (13) Design involves multidisciplinary education (18) Systems should be simple and visible (12) The Multifunctional Principles

25. SUMMARY

26. FURTHER RESEARCH

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