KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Draw a mark at the midpoint of a sheet of paper along the side edge. Then fold the top and bottom edges in to touch the midpoint.

3. Foldin half from side to side.

4. Open and cutalong the inside fold lines to form four tabs.

5. Labeleach tab.

6. As you read Section 2.3, draw the structure and list the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids under the appropriate tabs.

7. Elements of Life • 96% of living organisms are made of: • carbon (C) • oxygen (O) • hydrogen (H) • nitrogen (N) 3

8. Molecules of Life • Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms • What are bodies made of? • carbohydrates • sugars & starches • proteins • fats (lipids) • nucleic acids • DNA, RNA 4

9. Don’t forget water • Water • 65% of your body is H2O • water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon • Rest of you is made of carbon molecules • organic molecules • carbohydrates • proteins • fats • nucleic acids 5

10. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring 6

11. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers. DRAW ME! 7

12. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 8

13. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars.(monomer) • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. (polymer) 9

14. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. 10

15. Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. 11

16. Lipids have several different functions. • broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • used to make hormones 12

17. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acids 13

18. Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” 14

19. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. 15

20. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. 16

21. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. 17

22. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. 18

23. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen. The structure of hemoglobin depends on hydrogen bonds between specific amino acids. Just one amino acid change causes red blood cells to have the curved shape characteristic of sickle cell anemia. (colored SEM; magnification 3500 X)

24. Functions of proteins • Functions—many, including enzymes, oxygen transport, and muscle movement

25. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. 20

26. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DRAW ME! 21

27. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins. 22

28. Reteach - Identifying Variables - SC. 912. N.1.1 • A scientist studied the effect of jogging on the number of Calories used. People jogged for three different lengths of time - 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes. The number of Calories used was measured, recorded, and plotted on a bar graph. • What are the independent variables? • What are the dependent variables? 23

29. Review • To reinforce the concept of polymers(many) made from repeating monomers(one). Complete the following chart:

30. Check your answers • To reinforce the concept of polymers(many) made from repeating monomers(one). Complete the following chart: 24